Bromeliads They are fascinating plants from tropical and subtropical regions of America, highly appreciated both indoors and outdoors for the exuberance of their leaves and the spectacular nature of their flowers. These plants, although they require certain specific care, are relatively easy to maintain and can add an exotic and colorful touch to both your home and your garden.
General characteristics of bromeliads
Bromeliads comprise more than 3.000 species grouped within the Bromeliaceae family. They come in a wide variety of shapes and colors, although they can be divided into two large groups: terrestrial bromeliads, which grow in the ground, and epiphytic bromeliads, which grow on tree trunks or branches, absorbing moisture and nutrients mainly through their leaves. This diversity means that bromeliads are adapted to different conditions, although in general they all share certain characteristics. cultivation requirements.
Among the best-known and most cultivated bromeliads indoors are the Guzmania, Aechmea and VrieseaAll of them stand out for their intense colors and distinctive blooms. They grow slowly, and after flowering (they are monocarpic), the parent plant dies to give way to new plants (suckers or offspring).
How do you care for bromeliads indoors?
Indoor bromeliads They need conditions that mimic their natural habitat. The following care is essential for its correct development:
- Light: They prefer locations very bright but without direct sunlightToo much sun burns their leaves, while too little light prevents them from flowering and growing. Place them near a well-lit window, but avoid direct sunlight.
- Temperature: The optimal range is between 15 ºC and 27 ºCAvoid placing them near heat sources or drafts, and keep them away from radiators, air conditioners, or open doors/windows in winter.
- Humidity: The ideal humidity is 60% to 80%If the environment is dry, regularly spray the leaves with distilled or rainwater, or place the pot on a saucer of damp stones to increase humidity.
- Pot and substrate: Use pots with drainage holes and a light, airy, and well-draining substrate. The best mix consists of peat and coarse sand or perlite. Avoid containers without holes, as excess moisture rots the roots.
- Irrigation: Water it 1 to 3 times a week depending on the season and temperature. In summer, increase the frequency and combine watering the substrate with filled with the central calyx or rosette with water, emptying and renewing the water every 7-10 days to avoid stagnation and fungi.
A key aspect is to avoid waterlogging, both at the roots and in the central rosette, to prevent fungal diseases. Always remember to empty any standing water from the saucer after each watering.
- Subscriber: Apply orchid fertilizer Dilute every 3-4 weeks during the growing season (spring and summer). Avoid strong or excessive fertilizers to avoid damaging the roots.
- Transplant: Repot every 2-3 years or when the plant requires it due to lack of space, always using a new, well-aerated substrate.
- Spread: When the mother plant flowers and produces offspring, wait for them to reach 15 cm height and gently separate them with roots included to obtain new plants.
Caring for bromeliads outdoors
Bromeliads can be grown outdoors in frost-free climates (tropical, subtropical or very mild Mediterranean). Its basic care are:
- Location: Search bright filament light or partial shade, such as shelter under trees. Prolonged direct sunlight can burn the leaves, especially of the more delicate species.
- Temperature: These plants They do not tolerate frostIf the temperature drops below 10°C, move the plant indoors or protect it with thermal blankets or in a greenhouse.
- Substratum: The land must be light, airy and with excellent drainageIf the soil is very compact, dig a large hole and fill it with a mixture of coconut fiber, sand, and perlite.
- Irrigation: Increase the frequency in summer (2-3 times per week) and decrease it in winter. Water directly at the base of the plant or rosette, avoiding soak the roots.
- Climate protection: Protect from strong winds and hail. If heavy rains occur, make sure the substrate drains properly.
- Fertilizer: Use fertilizer for orchids or bromeliads every 3-4 weeks during the growing season.
Watering and humidity in bromeliads: tips and mistakes to avoid
Irrigation is one of the more critical care in bromeliads. Both water deficiency and excess can damage them. Follow these recommendations:
- Always keep the substrate slightly moist but never soaked.
- Water the central rosette Every 7 days, using rainwater or distilled water. Pour the water slowly to avoid overflowing and empty any remaining water before adding fresh water.
- Spray the leaves daily in dry environments and especially in summer.
- Don't leave the roots soaked.; always use a substrate and a pot with excellent drainage.
Optimal light and temperature requirements
Bromeliads require intense indirect light to grow healthily and develop its color and flower. Avoid prolonged direct exposure to the sun. Ideal temperatures range between 15 and 27 ° CThey tolerate sporadic drops to 12°C, but never frost. Extreme fluctuations can cause stress and affect their development or flowering.
Fertilizing, transplanting and propagation
Fertilize bromeliads with special diluted liquid fertilizer for orchids or bromeliads every 3-4 weeks in spring and summer. Never apply concentrated fertilizer, as this will damage the plant. Repot every 2-3 years or when the pot becomes too small, always using aerated substrate and a new container. To propagate, separate the offspring from the mother plant when they have their own roots and are at least 15 cm tall. Plant in a suitable container and keep it moist and warm to promote rooting.
Main problems and solutions in bromeliads
Among the most common problems in bromeliads, the following stand out:
- Yellow sheets: This is usually due to overwatering or lack of light. Reduce watering frequency and improve lighting.
- Leaves with dry tips: Indicates low ambient humidity. Increase misting or place the pot on a saucer of damp stones.
- Center or root rot: This can be caused by stagnant water in the rosette or by waterlogged substrate. Drain off excess water and use dry substrate immediately.
- Pests: It may be attacked by mealybugs, mites, or aphids. Remove it manually and apply potassium soap or neem oil.
- Lack of flowering: It could be due to a lack of light, fertilizer, or because the plant has already flowered and is in the process of producing shoots.
Flowering and life cycle of bromeliads
Bromeliads they bloom only once in their life cycle (they are monocarpic). After flowering, the mother plant begins to die, but it produces offspring that, when they reach sufficient size, can be separated and transplanted to form new plants. Flowering depends on the age of the plant, the species, and the light, humidity, and fertilizer conditions.
Bromeliad varieties recommended for indoor and outdoor use
- Aechmea fasciata: With silver-green lanceolate leaves and pink flowers.
- Guzmania: Famous for their central bracts of intense red, orange or yellow colors.
- Vriesea splendens: With inflorescences of long-lasting red and yellow bracts.
- Tillandsia: Epiphytes very easy to grow on inert supports.
Additional Tips for Success with Bromeliads
- Strategic location: Move bromeliads away from narrow passageways and walls to avoid mechanical damage to the leaves.
- Periodic revision: Control pests and diseases regularly to act in time.
- Remember that the beauty of bromeliads lies as much in their foliage as in their flowering and propagation cycle.
Bromeliads are extraordinary plants for those who want to add color, life, and a tropical feel to their home or garden. Their ability to adapt to different conditions, combined with their life cycle, makes them ideal companions for both beginners and experienced gardeners. By following these guidelines, you can enjoy Healthy, showy and vibrant bromeliads for years, renewing itself and providing beauty in any environment.