El Chilean hazelnut (Hazelnut Gevuina) stands out as one of the most valuable and versatile evergreen fruit trees for gardens and orchards in temperate climates and even in regions with cold winters. Its adaptability to temperatures drops of up to -12ºC This makes it an exceptional choice for those seeking frost-resistant species, in addition to offering nutritious fruits, ornamental properties, and applications in various industries.
Once established, the Chilean hazel does not require complicated or very continuous care, as long as it's provided with the right soil, irrigation, and location conditions. Over time, it has been a highly valued species not only in its natural habitat in Chile, but also in gardens around the world, such as Ireland, California, and New Zealand.
Origin and botanical characteristics of the Chilean hazelnut
The Chilean hazelnut is the only species of the genus Gevuina, belonging to the Proteaceae family, which also includes other well-known plants such as macadamia. Its natural distribution covers the temperate forests of Chile, in a range between 35º and 44º south latitude, where it grows in coastal areas, valleys and humid slopes up to altitudes close to 1.600 meters.
In this evergreen and monoecious tree (each specimen has both male and female flowers), which can reach a height of between 3 and 20 meters, although in optimal conditions it can occasionally exceed 20 meters. Its trunk, straight or branched from the base, can reach diameters of up to 50 cm.
- Sheets: Large, compound, odd-pinnate, with leathery leaflets, serrated edges, and bright green color. The young shoots They usually show rusty hair.
- Flowers: Hermaphroditic, small, creamy white, clustered in long axillary racemes. Their inflorescences are showy and attract pollinators.
- Fruit: The well-known Chilean hazelnut is a black nut with a woody pericarp, containing edible white cotyledons. As it ripens, the fruit changes from green to red and finally to dark brown.
The name 'hazel' comes from the similarity of its fruit to that of the Hazelnut corylus (European hazel), although both belong to different families and have notable botanical differences.
Resistance to cold and frost: hardiness and adaptability
One of the main attractions of the Chilean hazelnut is its ability to adapt to climates where frost is frequentIt can withstand temperatures as low as -12°C in its adult and established stage, making it ideal for regions with harsh winters, and it even tolerates temperatures as high as 40°C if there is no water shortage.
This resistance allows its grown in areas equivalent to hardiness zone 8 (USDA) This distinguishes it from other fruit trees that are more sensitive to cold. During the young stage, however, it is advisable to protect it from intense frosts, especially those that drop below -4°C.
Recent studies on the impact of frost have shown that the Chilean hazelnut tree presents remarkable physiological adaptations against low temperatures. The formation of ice crystals can cause leaf damage, tissue necrosis, and reduced leaf expansion, but once mature, the plant displays effective mechanisms to recover its physiology after frost, especially if the substrate has good drainage and the tree is well nourished.
Among the innovative practices to enhance cold resistance is the use of biostimulants (such as brassinosteroids, seaweed extracts Ascophyllum nodosum and free amino acids) with promising results in the protection of shoots and leaves, especially when applied at the appropriate phenological moment (budding and first adult leaves).
Essential care of the Chilean hazelnut tree
- Location: It requires outdoor spaces, preferably in semi-shade. During the first few years, it's advisable to place it protected by tall trees or hedges to mitigate the effects of cold and wind, promoting robust growth.
- Irrigation: The Chilean hazelnut tree does not tolerate drought, but neither does it tolerate excessive humidity. It is key maintain regular watering, increasing the frequency in summer and decreasing it the rest of the year. Using rainwater or lime-free water improves the tree's overall health by reducing salt buildup in the soil.
- Ground: In gardens, it should be grown in cool, organic-rich, well-drained soils. In pots (only in the juvenile stage), use a mixture of compost and 20% perlite or similar material to aerate the substrate.
- Transplant: It is done in spring, avoiding any risk of frost. Careful transplanting, keeping the root ball intact, facilitates rapid adaptation and minimizes root stress.
- Subscriber: During spring and summer, applying organic fertilizers such as worm castings or horse manure is highly recommended. In pots, use liquid fertilizers (such as guano) following the manufacturer's instructions.
- Pruning: It is not essential, but it helps to remove dry, weak, or damaged branches in late winter using properly disinfected tools.
- Multiplication: It is usually sown from seeds in spring. These are sown in seedbeds with an aerated mixture of peat and perlite, always maintaining constant humidity (without waterlogging) and placing the seedbed in semi-shade.
The growth of the Chilean hazel tree can be slowed down if its roots do not find enough space or if the soil is poor in nutrients, so the regular observation of the plant will allow determining the best time to transplant or fertilize.
Propagation and improvements in frost resistance
Various investigations have shown that the Chilean hazelnut can improve its resistance to frost when, during the stage of sprouting and initial leaf development, some types of natural biostimulants are applied. Products based on brassinosteroids, free amino acids, and algae extracts of the genus Ascophyllum They act as physiological protectors, reducing damage in shoots exposed to low temperatures between -1,5°C and -6°C.
In addition, phosphorus, boron and zinc supplements have been tested in adequate concentrations to improve protection against thermal stressThe optimal time to apply these products varies depending on the tree's phenological stage, being especially effective just before and during budding.
La seed germination It is favored by maintaining constant humidity, cool temperatures, and avoiding direct sunlight on the substrate. Germination generally occurs during spring, although some studies suggest that a mild cold stratification can increase the success rate.
Uses and applications of the Chilean hazelnut
The Chilean hazelnut is a multifunctional plant, with applications that go far beyond ornamental purposes. Its main uses are detailed below:
- Ornamental: It is appreciated in gardening as isolated tree, in rows or forming groups, offering dense shade and an attractive visual impact thanks to its bright foliage and flower clusters. Its easy maintenance also allows it to be integrated into parks and urban spaces.
- Culinary and nutritional: The fruits, the Chilean hazelnuts, they are edible and can be eaten raw, roasted, cooked, or boiled. They are rich in healthy fats, mainly oils (approximately 49% of the seed content), proteins (12%), and carbohydrates (24%). They are a good source of vitamin E, beta-carotene, and natural antioxidants.
- Honey and beekeeping: The flowers produce nectar that is used by bees and other pollinators, generating honey with a highly appreciated flavor, especially used in toast and pastries.
- Cosmetics and pharmacology: The oil extracted from the Chilean hazelnut is valuable for cosmetic applications, due to its Rich in antioxidants, vitamin E and omega 7It is used in skin creams, sunscreens, and hair care products, benefiting cell regeneration and hydration of the epidermis.
- Natural medicine: Walnuts help reduce cholesterol levels, and the seed oil is used to combat skin aging and treat inflammatory conditions, thanks to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Wood and crafts: Although its wood has a low calorific value, it is valued in cabinetmaking, interior carpentry, and crafts thanks to the striking contrast between the light color of the sapwood and the dark grain of the heartwood.
- Other uses: The bark and leaves have been traditionally used in South American herbal remedies and as a source of tannins.
Production, harvesting and considerations for commercial cultivation
The fruit of the Chilean hazelnut tree ripens in late summer and early autumn. In its native habitat, most hazelnuts are harvested in the wild, although dedicated plantations exist to improve fruit yield and quality.
In countries like Chile and New Zealand, they are developing varieties with improved production and adaptability to different geographical areas, as demand for this fruit in the food and cosmetic markets is increasing.
For those who want to start a small plantation or orchardIt is essential to select fertile, well-drained soils and provide sufficient space for root development. A well-planned planting, with adequate spacing between plants, promotes growth and reduces competition for resources.
- Does the Chilean hazelnut tree need protection throughout the winter?
During its first few years, it is advisable to protect it from severe frost. After three or four years, once well rooted, it can withstand temperatures down to -12°C. - What differentiates the Chilean hazelnut from other hazelnuts?
The main difference is genetic and botanical. While the Hazelnut corylus It belongs to the Betulaceae family, and the Chilean hazelnut belongs to the Proteaceae family. It is also evergreen and produces a fruit of greater cosmetic and culinary value in its region. - Can it be grown in a pot?
Only in the juvenile phase. As it grows larger, it requires deep soils for full development. - Is it toxic to pets or people?
No. The nuts are edible and widely consumed, although like all nuts, people with allergies should avoid eating them.
The Chilean hazelnut is a species of extraordinary hardiness and ornamental value, notable for its ability to thrive in cold climates and offer nutrient-rich fruits, medicinal applications, and valuable products for the cosmetics and beekeeping industries. Incorporating this tree into gardens, orchards, or plantations is undoubtedly a successful option for those seeking beauty, productivity, and sustainability in a single species.