Cacti, belonging to the family Cactaceae, have become favorite indoor and outdoor plants for those looking to incorporate vegetation with low maintenance and a distinctive aesthetic. Their ability to survive in extreme conditions, along with the unique beauty of their shapes, has made them a trend in home and office decor, as well as being perfect for gardening beginners.
In this comprehensive guide you will discover the main types of cacti, how to differentiate them from other succulents, and you will learn all essential care to keep them healthy and vibrant. We'll also include key information about succulents, with practical tips and advanced recommendations to resolve common questions and problems.
What is a cactus? Differences between cacti, succulents, and succulents
To truly understand the world of cacti it is essential to distinguish between cacti, succulents and succulentsThese words are often used synonymously, but they don't mean exactly the same thing:
- Cactus: All plants of the Cactaceae family, recognizable by their thorns (which are modified leaves), fleshy stems and their ability to store water in times of drought.
- Succulent plants: Refers to succulents with fleshy tissues to retain water, but not all are cacti. Crasas is a colloquial word for succulents.
- Succulents: It includes both cacti and other plants from different families (such as echeverias or kalanchoes) that store water in leaves, stems or roots.
La essential difference is that all cacti are succulents, but not all succulents are cacti. For example, the euphorbia and the Aloe vera They are succulents, but not cacti.
General characteristics of cacti
Cacti have evolved to survive in extreme drought conditions, developing adaptations such as:
- Thickened fleshy tissues for the water storage.
- Thorns for defense against herbivores and reduction of water loss through transpiration.
- Superficial and extensive roots to quickly absorb water from sporadic rains.
- Spectacular, brightly colored flowers that usually open for short periods to take advantage of the visit of pollinators.
These characteristics make cacti very hardy plants, perfect for people looking for sustainable and easy-care decorative options.
Main types of cactus and their characteristics
The world of cacti is vast, with more than 2.000 recognized species divided into numerous genera. Below, we present some of the most popular cacti and representative for domestic cultivation, both indoors and outdoors.
Most common indoor cacti
- Astrophytum myriostigma (bishop's bonnet): It is characterized by its star-shaped, thornless shape and small white spots. It requires plenty of indirect light and little watering.
- Gymnocalycium (chin cactus): Globular, small, and colorful. It prefers a bright location but avoids intense direct sunlight.
- MammillariaIts globose body and spectacular crown-shaped bloom make it a highly decorative species. It's ideal for beginners.
- Schlumbergera (Christmas cactus): It stands out for its segmented stems and flowers that appear in winter. It prefers indirect light and a moist but not waterlogged substrate.
- Euphorbia lactea (crest cactus): Although technically a succulent, it is grown for its unusual “crested” appearance and low water requirements.
- Haworthia fasciata (zebra plant): Highly appreciated for its resistance and attractive striped leaf design.
Outdoor cacti and large species
- Carnegiea Gigantea (Saguaro or Columnar Cactus): An icon of the North American deserts, it grows several meters and is unique to large gardens and warm climates.
- Opuntia (prickly pear or cactus): Very hardy, with flat segments and thorns. It produces edible fruit and adapts to both pots and gardens.
- Echinocactus grusonii (mother-in-law's seat): Spherical body covered in golden spines. It prefers full sun and is very drought-resistant.
- Trichocereus (torch cactus): Columnar in shape, it is used in xerophilous gardens for its resistance and the beauty of its large flowers.
Miniature cacti and curious species
- Rebutia: Small in size, with large flowers compared to their size.
- Lithops (stone cactus): Also called "living stones", they simulate small rocks to camouflage themselves in their habitat.
- Parodia: Compact and with striking flowering.
- Astrophytum asterias (sea urchin cactus): Spineless and flattened, ideal for observing its curious anatomy.
Types of succulents and cactus-related plants
Succulents and succulents often accompany cacti in arrangements, as they share similar needs, although they have anatomical differences. Some of the most famous succulents include:
- echeveria: Fleshy leaves arranged in a rosette and colors ranging from green to pink.
- Aloe vera: Popular for its medicinal properties and resistance.
- Crassula ovata (jade tree): Oval and fleshy leaves, bushy shape and easy to grow.
- Kalanchoe: Abundant flowering and leaves that retain a lot of water.
- Sempervivum (everlasting flower): Robust and evergreen, it forms ideal ground cover for rockeries and pots.
- Sanseviera: Better known as “tiger tongue”, it tolerates low light and requires little watering.
General cactus care: secrets to successful cultivation
Cacti require little attention, but they do need certain essential care To keep them healthy and avoid common mistakes that can lead to deterioration. Below, we outline the main aspects to consider:
Light and location
- Outdoor cactus: They prefer direct, full sun for much of the day.
- Indoor cactus: Place them next to windows or in bright locations, but away from drafts and avoiding direct sunlight during the middle of the day to prevent sunburn.
- Succulents and succulents: They require a lot of light, although some species tolerate shade or filtered light (such as Sanseviera or Schlumbergera).
If you notice that your cactus is excessively elongated or losing firmness, it may be receiving low lightOn the contrary, whitish or brownish colors can indicate burns.
Irrigation: the key to success
El irrigation is the most important aspect and where most failures occur:
- Spring and summer: Water every 10-12 days, ensuring the substrate is completely dry before rewatering. In warmer months, you can increase this to once every 4-8 days depending on the temperature and the type of cactus.
- Fall Season: Gradually reduce watering, moving to one every 8-10 days.
- Winter: Water almost nothing, at most once every 20-40 days if the environment is very dry. Avoid watering if the temperature drops below 10°C.
In all cases, it is preferable to apply a good occasional watering that keeps the substrate moist in depth, instead of frequent surface watering that promotes root rot.
Substrate and drainage
Cacti need a very aerated and draining substrate:
- Use special cactus mixes or create your own with 50% universal substrate and 50% coarse river sand, perlite, or volcanic rock.
- Avoid heavy or compact substrates that retain water and hinder root growth.
- Choose pots with drainage holes and, if possible, add a gravel base to ensure excess water drains away.
Temperature and humidity
The Cactus prefer warm temperatures During the day and cool at night. They are very sensitive to the cold and don't usually tolerate temperatures below 7°C, especially if the substrate is moist. During the winter, keep cacti in cool places, avoiding direct heating that dries out the environment.
Fertilizer and manure
La fertilization helps stimulate the growth and flowering of cacti, especially during the active season:
- Use specific fertilizers for cacti, rich in nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in equal parts.
- Fertilize every 15 days during spring and summer, suspending the contribution in autumn and winter.
- If you're looking for flowering, prioritize fertilizers rich in phosphorus.
Pruning and cleaning
Most cacti don't require pruning, but it's a good idea to remove dried flower debris or damaged stems to prevent pests and diseases. Wear thick gloves and clean tools, especially for species with prominent spines.
Specific care and recommendations for succulents
The crass and succulent They share many needs with cacti, but there are some important nuances:
- More frequent watering for species such as Kalanchoe and Haworthia, although always allowing the substrate to dry completely between waterings.
- Avoid wetting the leaves of plants such as Echeveria or Sempervivum to reduce the risk of rot.
- Most prefer abundant light, but those with thin leaves can burn if they receive intense direct sunlight.
- The substrate should be light and porous, just like for cacti, although you can slightly increase the proportion of organic matter for non-cacti succulents.
How to choose the best cactus for your home or garden
The choice of the ideal cactus depends on several factors:
- Light conditions: Choose sun-resistant species for outdoors and varieties that tolerate indirect light for indoors.
- Size and space: Consider adult growth. Opuntia and can reach large sizes, while Mammillaria, Rebutia, and Lithops remain compact.
- Ornamental purpose: Some cacti are grown for their showy flowers (Schlumbergera, Rebutia), others for their architectural structure (Carnegiea, Trichocereus).
- Maintenance requirement: If you are looking for ultra resistance and low maintenance, opt for species such as echinopsis o barrel cactus.
Cacti are also popular for beliefs related to the emotional well, improved work environment and radiation absorption, although there is no scientific evidence to support all these myths.
Common mistakes in cactus care and how to avoid them
The main causes of problems in cacti are usually:
- Excess watering: It causes root rot. Remember, it's better to underdo it than overdo it.
- Lack of light: Cacti require plenty of light to thrive. If they grow leggy and faded, move the pot to a brighter location.
- Unsuitable substrate: Heavy or compacted substrate causes waterlogging. Use mixtures with sand and gravel.
- Very low temperatures: They especially affect tropical cacti and species with little tolerance to cold.
- Excessive fertilizers: Fertilize only during the period of active growth.
Common pests and diseases in cacti and succulents
Cacti can be affected by certain plagues and diseases which, if detected early, can be easily controlled:
- Mealybugs: Small insects that hide in the areoles and produce honeydew, promoting the growth of fungi.
- Aphids: Especially attracted to flowers or young stems.
- Fungi: They appear as dark spots, rot or mold, usually after excessive humidity.
- Red spider: It causes discoloration and a yellowish appearance, especially in very dry climates.
To prevent, check periodically Clean your plants thoroughly, clean the leaves, and avoid waterlogging. If you detect pests, you can use organic insecticides or clean them manually with a brush moistened with alcohol.
Cactus propagation and transplantation: step by step
La cactus reproduction It is mainly done by cuttings, offshoots or seeds:
- Cuttings: Cut a healthy segment and let it heal for several days. Plant in dry soil and water for the first time after a week.
- Young: Separate the side shoots and plant them in separate pots.
- Seeds: They require warm temperatures, constant humidity, and patience as shoots emerge slowly.
El transplant It should be done every 2-3 years, in spring, using fresh substrate. Use slightly larger pots and avoid damaging the roots. Take this opportunity to check the plant's condition and cut off any damaged roots.
Where to place cacti at home and in the garden?
Thanks to their versatility, cacti can be placed:
- In windows, on shelves, desks, and in bathrooms (if there is plenty of natural light, as some help absorb moisture).
- In rock gardens, xeriscaped beds and sunny terraces.
- As architectural elements in entrances, patios and contemporary spaces.
It is important to monitor the Sun exposure, since some species can suffer burns in environments that are too hot.
Thornless Cactus: Recommended Species and Care
If you're attracted to cacti but prefer to avoid thorns, there are several species and varieties ideal for home environments:
- Astrophytum asterias y Astrophytum myriostigma: with a smooth surface or with small bumps.
- Lophophora williamsii: With a globular body, it is practically spineless and is highly prized by collectors (it requires certain permits for its trade in some countries).
- Obese euphorbia: Rounded and spineless, although technically it is a succulent.
- Schlumbergera (Christmas cactus): In addition to its beautiful winter bloom, it is safe to the touch and perfect for indoors.
Cactus bonsais and creative arrangements
The aesthetic versatility of cacti allows you to create bonsai and miniature gardens of great ornamental value:
- Use compact species such as Mammillaria, Rebutia or Astrophytum to cactus bonsai.
- Create compositions in low pots next to stones and other succulents.
- Select slow-growing cacti and prune moderately to maintain the proportions of the mini-garden.
Place your creations in prominent locations, protected from the cold and with plenty of light.
Frequently Asked Questions About Cactus Care
- Is it true that cacti absorb radiation from household appliances? There are no conclusive scientific studies, but its presence improves air quality and provides visual and emotional well-being.
- Can I grow cacti in the bathroom? Yes, as long as there's enough natural light and no waterlogging. Humid environments can promote mold growth, so check ventilation.
- How to stimulate flowering? Provide them with abundant light, rest in winter (reducing watering) and a fertilizer rich in phosphorus in spring.
- How do I know if my cactus is sick? Spots, softening of the stem, and lack of growth usually indicate overwatering or fungal attack. Act quickly by removing affected parts and repotting if necessary.
- Is it dangerous to have cacti in the house with children or pets? Except for very specific toxic species, the greatest danger is the thorns. Choose thornless varieties or keep them out of reach of small children and pets.
Additional tips for successfully caring for cacti and succulents
- Use clay pots that breathe better than plastic ones.
- Do not spray water on the stems or flowers to prevent the appearance of fungus.
- Ventilate the room regularly, especially in winter.
- Keep an eye on the orientation of the cacti: the plants tend to lean toward the light source, so rotate the pots periodically.
- Do not use saucers under pots if excess water is retained, as this can rot the roots.
- Check the condition of your cacti after heavy rain or frost if they are outdoors.
Integrating cacti and succulents into your daily life is a way to enjoy nature with minimal maintenance and maximum visual impact. Growing cacti brings a little oasis into your home, and with the right tips and techniques, anyone can ensure these hardy, beautiful plants grow healthily and provide their unique charm for years.
