The hazelnut tree is a nut tree that can be grown both wild and in commercial plantations. Its fruit, the hazelnut, is highly valued in gastronomy and has multiple health benefits. To achieve good production, it is essential to know the tree's requirements and how to properly manage its cultivation.
In this article, we'll provide you with all the information you need to grow hazelnut trees efficiently, from choosing the right soil to harvesting the fruit. We'll also discuss the specific care that must be taken throughout the year to ensure healthy and productive trees.
Ideal conditions for growing hazelnuts
The hazelnut tree adapts to a variety of climatic conditions, but prefers moderate temperatures and areas with sufficient humidity. For its proper development, it is essential that the soil meet certain characteristics:
- Good drainage: It is essential that water does not accumulate around the tree's roots, as excess moisture can cause disease.
- Neutral or slightly acidic pH: A pH level between 5,5 and 7 is the most recommended for the tree to properly absorb nutrients.
- medium texture: Excessively clayey or sandy soils are not recommended; loamy soil with good moisture retention is ideal.
- Richness in organic matter: An adequate content of organic matter favors root development and fruit production.
Climate and recommended location
Hazelnut is a tree that thrives best in regions with cold winters y mild summersAccumulating chill hours is essential for proper flowering and fruiting. In Spain, the most favorable areas for its cultivation are Catalonia, the Basque Country, Navarre, and some areas in the north and east of the country.
The tree needs good sunlight exposure, although it tolerates some partial shade. In regions with very hot summers, it is advisable to provide it with sufficient irrigation to avoid water stress, as you can read in more detail about crops that require more irrigation.
Selecting and planting hazelnuts
Before planting a hazelnut tree, it's important to select the appropriate variety based on the climate and soil type available. Common varieties include:
- Negret: Widely cultivated in Spain, especially in Catalonia, it produces high-quality fruit.
- Barcelona: A very widespread variety with good performance.
- Giffoni's Ring: Noted for its high quality for the food industry.
Planting should preferably be done in autumn o spring, ensuring that the trees have sufficient space between them. The usual planting frame is 4 to 6 meters between trees to allow for good root development. If you'd like to know more about how long it takes for hazelnut trees to bear fruit, you can consult how long does it take to bear fruit.
Irrigation and fertilization
One of the key aspects in hazelnut cultivation is the irrigationDuring the first few years, it's essential to maintain consistent irrigation, especially in areas with low rainfall. In dryland crops, productivity can be affected, reducing the amount of fruit.
The most efficient irrigation system for hazelnuts is drip irrigation, as it allows for efficient use of water without causing waterlogging. It is recommended to water more intensively between March and August, which is the period of peak tree development.
Fertilization also plays an important role in the growth of hazel trees. It is recommended to apply nitrogen-rich fertilizers in spring and potassium and phosphorus supplements in autumn to promote fruit production.
Tree pruning and maintenance
Pruning is essential to maintain proper tree growth and improve fruit production. Different types of pruning can be performed:
- Formation pruning: It is done in the first years to shape the tree and promote its growth.
- Maintenance pruning: It is carried out annually to remove dead or diseased branches and improve light entry.
- Production pruning: It allows to stimulate flowering and fruit production by removing unnecessary branches.
Flowering and pollination
Hazelnut is a monoecious species, meaning it has both male and female flowers on the same tree. However, most varieties require Cross pollination To obtain a good harvest, it is therefore advisable to plant more than one compatible variety on the same farm.
The male flowers, called catkins, release pollen in winter via the wind. The female flowers are small and reddish. Fertilization occurs several months after pollination, extending fruit production into autumn.
Harvesting and storing hazelnuts
Hazelnuts are ready for harvesting when they reach maturity in the fall. This can be recognized by the fact that the nuts begin to fall naturally to the ground. There are two main harvesting methods:
- Manual: Fallen fruit is collected and impurities are removed before storage.
- Mechanized: Specialized machines are used to shake the trees and collect the fruit from the ground.
Once harvested, hazelnuts should be cleaned and dried to prevent mold growth. They should be stored in a cool, dry place. dry and well ventilated to preserve its quality.
Market outlook and profitability
Although hazelnut cultivation in Spain has been declining in recent decades, global demand for hazelnuts continues to rise. Turkey and Italy dominate global production, but there is a market opportunity for Spanish producers, especially if they pursue intensive cultivation systems and sustainable production techniques.
Crop profitability depends on several factors, such as variety, soil management, and access to irrigation systems. With proper management, hazelnuts can become a very attractive option for farmers looking to diversify their crops.
Hazelnut cultivation is an excellent option for both small producers and large-scale commercial plantations. With the right soil and climate conditions, along with proper irrigation, pruning, and fertilization management, it is possible to achieve efficient and profitable production. If you are considering growing hazelnuts, following these recommendations will help you achieve a successful, high-quality harvest.
