Characteristics and varieties of maple bonsai
The Acer genus It includes between 150 and 200 species, distributed mainly in temperate zones of the northern hemisphere, with a significant presence in Asia, Europe, and North America. In bonsai, some species stand out for their ornamental value and the beauty of their foliage: Acer palmatum (Japanese maple), Acer buergerianum (trident maple), Acer (red maple) and acer opalus (acirón), among others. These species are usually deciduous, with exceptional chromatic variations in autumn and an excellent capacity for branching, allowing the creation of authentic living works of art.
The Acer palmatum It is especially prized for the palmate shape of its leaves and their ability to offer shades from purple-red to gold. Among its numerous varieties and cultivars are 'Atropurpureum', 'Deshojo', 'Sango Kaku', and 'Seigen'. Other popular species include Acer pseudoplatanus, country maple y Acer shirasawanum, bringing even more diversity of shapes and colors to the art of bonsai.
Ideal location and lighting needs
Maple trees should always be placed outside. to respond to the natural cycle of the seasons, which is essential for their optimal development. They prefer cool, well-lit areas, but protected from direct sunlight, especially during the summer and hottest hours, as intense sun can cause leaf burn and dehydration. A semi-shaded terrace, a north-facing patio, or an area with trees that provide light shade are ideal options. It is important avoid constant changes of location that can stress the tree and affect its health.
In very cold climates, maple bonsai tolerate low temperatures well, but if there are persistent frosts below -10°C, it is advisable to temporarily protect it in a sheltered place, but never in heated environments or indoors, as they need to feel the winter to encourage spring budding.
Irrigation, humidity and water quality
Watering is a critical aspect in maple bonsai.The basic guideline is to water deeply when the soil surface begins to dry out, avoiding both waterlogging and complete drought. During spring and summer, water demand is much higher, and daily watering may be required, even more than once on extremely hot days. In autumn and winter, the frequency decreases to two to three times per week, but always adjusted according to the climate, substrate, and exposure.
High ambient humidity It promotes healthy leaves, but regular leaf spraying is not recommended to avoid fungal problems, except for preventive measures in spring and fall and after fungicide treatments. If rainwater is not available, it's a good idea to let tap water sit overnight or add a few drops of lemon or vinegar, which helps lower the pH, especially beneficial for Japanese varieties.
Substrate, transplant and pot
The ideal substrate for maple should be light, well-draining and slightly acidic.The recommended mix is 70% akadama and 30% kiryuzuna, although a combination with pumice or volcanic rock can also be used to improve aeration. For Japanese or very thin-leaved maples, a pH of around 5,7 is recommended. Transplanting should be done in early spring, every 1-2 years for young specimens or every 3 years for older trees, taking the opportunity to prune thick roots and clean the root ball. For more information on choosing the right material, see our guide on choosing the bonsai pot.
Glazed pots, oval or rectangular with soft edges They are aesthetically and functionally ideal for the maple. After transplanting, it is essential to keep the tree in bright shade for several weeks and avoid fertilizing until budding has begun.
Subscriber and health
During the growth period, regular fertilization is essentialIn spring, nitrogen-rich fertilizers are used to stimulate growth, and in summer and autumn, those with higher phosphorus and potassium levels are favored to strengthen the structure and achieve better coloration and fruiting. It is preferable to use solid organic fertilizers for mature plants, and liquid fertilizers for young or developing plants. Always avoid fertilizing after transplanting or during periods of extreme heat or cold. For more details, you can consult our advice section on bonsai care.
To reduce the size of the leaves and to maintain fine branching, it is useful to expose the tree to good light (without direct sunlight) and occasionally resort to partial defoliation in vigorous and healthy trees.
Pruning, pinching and wiring
Structural pruning It is done in late autumn or winter, when the tree is dormant. Crossed, dry, vertical branches, and unwanted growth are removed, maintaining a structure that allows light to enter the entire canopy. The pinchingTo maintain a compact design, thinning is carried out throughout the growing season, allowing shoots to develop between 4 and 6 pairs of leaves before cutting them back to 1 or 2 pairs. Defoliation, whether complete or partial, is used as an advanced technique to encourage smaller leaves and internal renewal.
El wiring It must be applied with extreme care due to the delicate bark and branches. It is best done in winter, when there are no leaves, or in spring before bud break. It is recommended to use paper-covered wire and remove it in the fall to avoid permanent marks.
Prevention of pests and diseases
Maple is hardy, but can be affected by Mites, aphids, root fungi and black spots on leaves. It's crucial to maintain adequate ventilation and avoid excess moisture. In case of infestations, specific products should be used and affected leaves or branches should always be removed to limit the spread of the disease. To strengthen prevention, we recommend reviewing our article on Common diseases of Japanese maple.
reproduction and multiplication
Maples are easily propagated by seed, air layering, branch or root cuttings.The seeds are sown in spring after pre-soaking; layering and cuttings are practiced from early spring through summer using rooting hormones to improve success. This allows for specimens with identical characteristics to the parent tree, very useful in bonsai. For more details, see our article on Japanese maple seeds.
Maple is one of the most fascinating species for bonsai due to its adaptability, vigor, and spectacular appearance. By following these comprehensive recommendations, your bonsai can develop a harmonious structure and offer striking colorations year after year, becoming the centerpiece of your collection or green space.