What is rainfed agriculture?
La Rainfed agriculture, Also known as seasonal agriculture, is an agricultural method that depends exclusively on water from the rainfall for crop development, without the use of artificial irrigation. This type of agriculture is particularly relevant in regions where water is a limited resource. In Spain, it is widely used due to its climatic conditions, which often feature prolonged droughts.
Characteristics of dryland agriculture
Dryland agriculture is based on several fundamental aspects:
- It adapts to the rainfall regime, depending exclusively on him.
- Annual rainfall in dryland areas They are usually below 500 mm.
- predominates monoculture, although different varieties are planted in different regions.
- It includes cereal crops, legumes, fruit trees and vegetables.
- Generally, it has a lower productivity per cultivated area compared to irrigated agriculture.
Main dryland crops
In dryland agriculture, the most common and representative crops include:
- Cereals: barley, wheat, oats, rye, corn.
- Vegetables: chickpeas, peas, broad beans, peanuts.
- Fruit trees: almond, apricot, olive.
- Other trees: carob tree.
- Vegetables: onions, melons, tomatoes, etc.
La Mediterranean trilogy It focuses on the production of wheat, olives, and grapes, and is key to the economy of many regions in southern Europe. If you are interested in learning more about the dry crops, this article will provide you with detailed information.
Advantages and disadvantages of dryland agriculture
As with any agricultural system, dryland farming has both advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages
- It allows a significant water savings, optimizing its use.
- It favors the agroecological adaptation to local conditions.
- Requires lower investment in technology.
- Prevents soil deterioration due to misuse of irrigation.
- It promotes the quality of products such as olives, thanks to the concentration of nutrients.
Disadvantages
- It is vulnerable to climate variability already the droughts.
- Normal productivity per hectare is less than in irrigated land.
- The results of the sowing can be unpredictable.
- Due to water shortages, there could be lower plant biomass.
Where in the world is dryland agriculture practiced?
This agricultural system is practiced in various parts of the world, although practices may vary depending on climatic and geographic conditions. In the Mediterranean, rainfed agriculture is essential, especially in countries such as:
- Spain
- Greece
- Italy
- Portugal
It is also observed in regions of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and certain areas of Asia.
Dryland agriculture in Spain
On the Iberian Peninsula, dryland agriculture plays a prominent role due to the prevailing climatic conditions. Traditionally, farmers have grown various crops adapted to water scarcity on these lands. The most representative crops include:
- Cereals: barley, wheat, rye, corn, and oats.
- Olives y olive oil.
- Wine.
- Citrus: orange and lemon.
- Tomatoes y onions.
- Almonds, hazelnuts, figs, and other nuts.
Technology and dryland agriculture
Although rainfed agriculture is based on traditional techniques, it is not incompatible with the application of advanced technologies. Farmers can implement practices such as:
- Minimum tillage: which improves moisture retention in the soil.
- Soil evaluation: through analysis to determine fertility and nutrient requirements.
- Seed selection: using drought-resistant varieties adapted to local conditions.
For example, the use of organic fertilizers It is common, allowing for the improvement of soil structure and its water retention capacity. You can learn to make the most of a dryland garden to maximize water use.
Challenges of dryland agriculture in the face of climate change
With the increase of world population and climate change, rainfed agriculture faces significant challenges. Water scarcity becomes a critical factor, which can limit agricultural production and lead to food insecurity. Adaptation requires:
- Implement sustainable farming techniques.
- Conserve agricultural biodiversity.
- Promote research and development of more resilient crops.
Innovative projects in dryland agriculture
Initiatives like Living Drylands, coordinated by SEO/BirdLife, seeks to implement scientific practices to increase biodiversity and the profitability of rainfed crops. This project includes:
- Installation of nest boxes and insect hotels.
- Crop rotation to improve soil health.
- Valuation of agricultural products through a seal that favors their commercialization.
Rainfed agriculture is a crucial method for agricultural production in many regions of the world, especially in areas with scarce water resources. Despite its disadvantages, its sustainable practices, adapted to local conditions, allow not only for food production but also for environmental conservation. In the future, with climate change and a growing population, the importance and relevance of this agricultural modality will increase even more.
