What is the sycamore (Ficus sycomorus)?
the sycamore, scientifically known as sycamore figs, is a majestic tree belonging to the Moraceae family, the same genus as fig trees. It is also called the Egyptian sycamore or Biblical sycamore due to its relevance in the history and culture of Egypt and the countries of the Near East. In the English-speaking world, it is called sycamore fig o fig-mulberry, alluding to the similarity of its leaves to those of the mulberry tree.
This tree is characterized by its imposing appearance, longevity and its ability to provide abundant shadow, which has been used for centuries in squares, gardens and urban landscapes. In addition, it has a strong link with the spirituality and the traditions of ancient civilizations, especially in Egypt and in biblical texts.
Origin and natural habitat
El sycamore figs It is native to tropical Africa, primarily the central, eastern, and southern regions of the continent, extending from Senegal and the Sahel to Namibia and northeastern southern Africa. It is also found naturally in the Arabian Peninsula, parts of the Middle East such as Lebanon, Cyprus, and parts of Madagascar.
This tree grows preferably in soils fertile, deep and well-drained, usually on river banks and in mixed forests. In its regions of origin it can be found both in plains as in areas with a warm and dry climate, while in urban or garden areas it has been introduced as an ornamental plant due to its resistance and spectacular coverage.
Notably has been naturalized in multiple places outside its area of origin, such as Egypt (where it was widely cultivated), Israel, and parts of the Mediterranean. Gemmayzeh Street in Beirut, which bears its Arabic name, is particularly notable. gemmayz in allusion to the sycamore.
Differences with other trees called "sycamore"
The name "sycamore" can be confusing, as it also refers to other trees in different regions. It is important to distinguish the true African sycamore (sycamore figs) Of:
- Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple or European sycamore): It belongs to the Sapindaceae family, common in Europe.
- platanus occidentalis (American sycamore or western plane): Tree native to North America, Platanaceae family.
- Platanus racemosa (California sycamore) and Platanus wrightii (Arizona sycamore): From the Platanaceae family, native to and widespread throughout the American southwest.
None of these trees, except for their monumental appearance, share the botanical characteristics of sycamore figsThe differences range from the shape and texture of their leaves to their ecology, fruits, and uses.
Botanical description and morphology of the sycamore
The Ficus sycomorus is a evergreen or semi-deciduous tree which can grow to over 20 meters in height and 6 meters in crown diameter under favorable conditions. It stands out for its short, thick, and robust trunk, with smooth or slightly scaly, yellowish or light gray bark that cracks as it ages, revealing the orange or yellow wood inside.
La wood Sycamore's wood is soft but rot-resistant, which made it valuable in the manufacture of coffins and funerary furniture in Ancient Egypt.
The main branches spread widely, providing a dense, shady canopy, highly valued in warm regions for its great ability to provide shelter from the sun.
The roots Sycamore shoots are powerful, often shallow, and may even protrude from the ground, encircling walls or old structures, giving them an almost sculptural appearance and helping to stabilize the tree in shallow soils.
Leaves
Sycamore leaves are heart-shaped (cordate) or oval, somewhat rough to the touch, matte medium green on the upper surface and lighter on the underside, where the venation is prominent. They typically measure between 10 and 14 cm long and 7 to 12 cm wide. The petiole can reach 4 to 6 cm and is pubescent in young specimens.
- Helical arrangement around the branch.
- Sub-entire margin, slightly toothed or serrated.
- Stipules deciduous and pubescent.
Flowers and fruits
The sycamore produces a complex, flower-shaped inflorescence. syconus, where male and female flowers grow on different fruits, hidden inside the fig. Symbiosis with a specific pollinating wasp is essential (Ceratosolen arabicus) for the fertilization and correct development of the fruits.
The sycamore figs They are globose, 2 to 5 cm in diameter, with a color ranging from green to pinkish yellow, and when ripe, they turn reddish. They are grouped in clusters directly on the trunk and thick branches (caulifloria), a distinctive adaptation of Ficus sycomorus that allows production throughout the year, although with greater intensity during the warm and humid seasons.
- Edible figs: They provide a sweet-aromatic flavor, although they are usually inhabited by insects.
- Continuous fruiting: Up to 3-4 times a year under suitable conditions.
- Receptacles obovoid to subglobose, with prominent ostiole and pubescent basal bracts.
History, symbolism, and cultural uses of the sycamore
The Ficus sycomorus occupies a central place in the history and mythology of Ancient Egypt, where it was venerated as a sacred tree (Nail). References to it abound in documents such as the Book of the Dead, which links it to the afterlife, the protection of the deceased, and resurrection. Goddesses such as Hathor, Nut, and Isis were depicted emerging from the sycamore tree to nourish or protect the souls of the dead. A coffin made of this wood was believed to ensure longevity and divine protection in the afterlife.
In Egyptian iconography and tombs there are scenes where the tree nourishes the deceased and is also associated with the food of the gods (n). The respect was such that peasants left offerings at its foot, and its incorruptible wood was widely used in sarcophagi, statues and funerary amulets, as well as in furniture and doors that still remain in African temples and monasteries.
In biblical and Christian tradition, the episode of Zacchaeus in the Gospel of Luke stands out, where he climbs a sycamore tree to see Jesus in Jericho. The tree is frequently mentioned in the Psalms and other sacred books, attesting to its presence and ancient use.
In popular culture, the sycamore also appears in world literature, such as in Shakespeare's works and historical accounts, and the town of Matariya, in Cairo, preserves a specimen venerated by Christian tradition for having provided shade to the Holy Family.
Sycamore uses: wood, food, medicine, and more
Timber Sycamore has been used since ancient times for its strength, ease of work and durability. It is ideal for savanna trees and in the manufacture of coffins and ritual objects.
The fruits They are edible, both fresh and dried. Although their flavor is less appreciated than that of the common fig, they are a source of food for people, birds, and livestock; fallen figs are often used as sustenance for domestic and wild animals.
From fermented figs you can obtain a alcoholic beverage. In addition, both leaves and fruits are used as fodder, especially for goats and cows, as they improve milk production.
The crust It allows the manufacture of strong ropes and, through decoctions, is used in traditional medicine to treat conditions such as coughs, swollen glands, stomach ailments and skin problems.
the latex that emanates from their wounds is used in home remedies as a healing agent, to treat warts and as a traditional trap to catch small birds due to its viscosity.
In the ornamental field, the sycamore is used as shade tree in parks, squares and avenues in warm regions, thanks to its rapid growth and spectacular canopy.
Methods of reproduction and cultivation of sycamore
The Ficus sycomorus stands out for its ease of multiplication through cuttings and stakes. For this purpose it is recommended:
- Select woody cuttings about the size of a finger and about 15-20 cm long. Plant them in large containers with moist, well-drained soil.
- Under optimal conditions, they root within a few weeks. They can then be transplanted directly into the ground.
- Thicker stakes, up to an arm's width and up to 1 meter long, can also be used and planted directly where the tree is desired.
- The best time to plant is just before the wet season, thus ensuring the availability of water for rooting.
Reproduction by seed is possible but impractical, as it depends on the presence of the pollinating wasp, which is absent in some regions.
Ideal growing and care conditions
For optimal development and maximum longevity, the sycamore requires:
- Floors: Rich in organic matter, deep, well-drained, and sandy soils. Although it tolerates poor soils, it thrives best in fertile conditions.
- Climate: It prefers warm and subtropical areas. It is sensitive to cold, so it does not tolerate intense frosts.
- Exhibition: Full sun, although it tolerates partial shade.
- Irrigation: Although it tolerates moderate drought, it requires regular watering during the first years or during prolonged dry periods.
- Increase: Considered a fast-growing tree, especially if it has sufficient water and nutrients.
- Pruning: It doesn't usually require intensive pruning. It's advisable to remove dead or poorly positioned branches to promote its structure and overall health.
Ecological characteristics and role in the ecosystem
The sycamore is a key piece in its ecosystem, since its dense foliage provides shade and shelter for birds, insects and mammalsIts abundant fruiting supports populations of frugivorous birds and small mammals, and in regions where it predominates, it can form monospecific forests capable of displacing native species.
The symbiotic relationship with the wasp of the genus Ceratosolen It is a remarkable example of coevolution: the tree depends on pollination by this insect, and the wasp develops its life cycle inside the fig.
Medicinal and traditional properties
Traditional medicine attributes multiple uses to the sycamore:
- the latex Applied to the skin, it acts as a healing agent, against warts and to relieve skin inflammation.
- Bark and latex decoctions They are used to treat respiratory and dermatological conditions.
- The fruit and bark are considered useful for combating digestive disorders, swollen glands, and as sudorific and molificative remedies (facilitating digestion and sweating).
- In ancient times, sycamore juice was collected in spring before fruiting, dried, and stored in tablets for use as an ointment or medicinal drink.
These uses have been referenced from Dioscorides to Egyptian and biblical texts, validating its historical presence in natural and folk medicine.
Curiosities, longevity and additional data
Longevity: Sycamore trees can live for several centuries, exceeding 500 years in ideal conditions.
Artistic roots: The superficial root system can create sculptural forms by wrapping around walls and structures, becoming a unique landscape element.
Fruit production: Sycamore figs appear directly on the trunk and main branches, unlike other fig trees.
Name confusion: Although "sycamore" is used locally for maples and plane trees, only it has the cultural, historical and medicinal value described.
Invasive tree: In some environments, the sycamore can displace other species, quickly colonizing new areas due to its vigor and ease of reproduction.
The Ficus sycomorus is much more than an ornamental tree or a historical curiosity: it is a true symbol of life, shade, protection, and utility. Its physical majesty is accompanied by a spiritual and cultural legacy that transcends continents and millennia, cementing its position as one of humanity's most iconic and fascinating trees.