Zinnia, also known as paper flower o mystic rose, is one of the most appreciated annual plants for its intense color, its ease of cultivation and its prolonged flowering. Its scientific name is Zinnia elegans, and belongs to the Asteraceae family, grouping together a wide variety of species and cultivars. In this guide, you will find absolutely clear and comprehensive information about All the characteristics of zinnia, varieties, expert advice for its cultivation and flowering, details on watering, fertilization, propagation, pruning and problem prevention..
Main characteristics of zinnia
- Common name: zinnia, paper flower, mystic rose, St. Raphael's flower.
- Scientific name: Zinnia elegans (although there are other species of the genus Zinnia).
- Family: Asteraceae.
- Origin: mainly Mexico and Central America, although some species come from northern South America.
- Plant type: Annual, although there are perennial and biennial varieties.
- Level: Between 15 cm and 90 cm, depending on the variety; some species can exceed one meter.
- Sheets: Oval, opposite, rough to the touch and deep green in color.
- Flowers: Similar to dahlias, with simple and double forms, and a wide variety of colors: white, yellow, red, orange, pink, magenta, two-tone, and even shades of green or violet.
- Flowering time: From the beginning of spring until the arrival of cold weather, extending well into autumn depending on the climate and care.
- Ornamental use: Flowerbeds, borders, flowerbeds, flowerbeds, pots, planters and cut flowers for fresh or dried arrangements.
- Exhibition: Full sun is essential for abundant flowering; they tolerate partial shade, although with less growth.
- Weather condition: It prefers warm environments, does not tolerate frost, and thrives especially in places where the average temperature ranges between 15ºC and 25ºC.
Diversity of species and varieties
- Zinnia elegans: The most cultivated and known for its large flowers and wide range of colors.
- Zinnia angustifolia: More compact, with smaller flowers, ideal for borders or small spaces.
- Zinnia Profusion: Hybrid between elegans y angustifolia, very resistant to diseases and with continuous flowering.
- Zinnia violacea (Zinnia purpurea): It stands out for its lilac tones and light green leaves.
There are also numerous dwarf cultivars and varieties, with giant flowers, double flowers, curly petals, or star-shaped flowers, as well as specimens that display two-tone flowers or flowers with unique shades, perfect for striking floral arrangements.
Uses and ornamental value of zinnia
Zinnia is a Popular choice in gardens, terraces and balconies, thanks to its ability to fill any outdoor space and even the interior of well-lit homes with color and joy. Its main uses are:
- Decorative gardening: Ideal for forming flowerbeds, borders, and flower beds.
- Pots and planters: Perfect for patios and balconies, allowing for spectacular color compositions.
- Cut flower: Highly appreciated in floristry for the durability of its stems and the resistance of its flowers.
- Dried flower arrangements: The flowers can be easily dried to preserve their beauty for many months.
- Associated plantations: They encourage the presence of butterflies and pollinators, thus contributing to the garden's biodiversity.
How to plant and multiply zinnia
Zinnia is one of the plants easier to reproduce and grow from seedThis process can be carried out either in seedbeds or directly in the garden soil.
- Planting time: Start sowing in early spring, once the risk of frost has passed. In temperate climates, sowing can be done earlier in a protected seedbed.
- Substrate preparation: Use a light, fertile, and well-drained substrate. In a pot, place a drainage layer (tiles or expanded clay) at the bottom.
- Planting depth: The seeds should be placed about 2 cm deep.
- Humidity condition: Maintain constant humidity, avoiding waterlogging. Daily watering is recommended until germination occurs, which usually occurs within 7 to 12 days.
- Transplant: When the seedlings have several pairs of true leaves, transplant them to their final location, either in the ground or in containers.
- Separation: Maintain a minimum distance of 15-20 cm between plants to promote root development and avoid competition.
- Multiplication by own seeds: At the end of flowering, wait until the petals wither and the flower heads dry completely. Remove the ripe (dark) seeds and store them in a cool, dry place until next season.
Essential care for zinnia
Exposure, light and temperature
- Direct sun: They should receive between 6 and 8 hours of direct sunlight a day to achieve vigorous development and profuse flowering.
- Windbreak: Avoid excessively windy areas that can damage stems and flowers.
- Ideal temperature range: Between 15ºC and 25ºC, avoiding exposure to temperatures below 10ºC. It does not tolerate frost; in cold climates, it is treated as an annual and must be replanted every year.
Soil and fertilizer
- Well-drained universal substrate: If possible, enrich with organic material to enhance growth and flowering.
- Sewer system: This is essential, as waterlogging causes root rot and fungal diseases. Use pots with drainage holes and avoid heavy soils.
- Fertilization: Apply organic fertilizers or fertilizers specifically for flowering plants, especially every two weeks during the flowering season. Natural fertilizers such as homemade plantain tea are excellent options.
Irrigation
- Frequency: Regular watering every 2-3 days during the warm season, adjusting the frequency to the ambient humidity and the type of substrate.
- Avoid puddles: Overwatering is the leading cause of premature zinnia death, so the soil or pot should allow for rapid drainage.
- Irrigation technique: Water directly onto the substrate, avoiding wetting leaves and flowers to prevent the appearance of fungi and prolong the beauty of the flowers.
- Signs of dehydration: Leaf loss or wilting indicates water deficiency.
- Hot season: Increase the frequency of watering, always ensuring that the soil is not waterlogged.
Pruning and maintenance
- Basic pruning: It does not require structural pruning, but it is advisable to regularly remove dried or withered flowers to stimulate the appearance of new shoots and maintain the healthy appearance of the plant.
- Flower renewal: By doing these prunings, flowering can be prolonged throughout the warm season.
Common problems, pests and diseases in zinnia
Zinnia is generally hardy, but is not immune to blight attacks. pests such as aphids, caterpillars, beetles and ants which can affect both flowers and leaves. In addition, humid environments or inadequate watering can promote the appearance of fungi such as powdery mildew or root rot.
- Powdery mildew: White spots on leaves usually appear in cool, humid environments or with improper watering. Remove affected areas and treat with a specific fungicide.
- Aphids: They concentrate on tender shoots and stems, weaken the plant, and can be treated with potassium soap or organic insecticides.
- Caterpillars and beetles: They tend to devour flowers and leaves. Check frequently and remove them manually or treat with specific organic preparations.
- Ants: In addition to attacking the roots, they promote the appearance of aphids. Monitor the base of the plant and apply specific solutions if necessary.
- Root rot: Caused by excess water and poor drainage. If the leaves turn yellow and the plant declines rapidly, check the irrigation system and substrate.
Potted Zinnias, Planters, and Gardens: Practical Tips
Zinnia's versatility allows it to be grown both in outdoor gardens and in pots or planters on terraces, balconies, and patios. Here are some essential tips:
- Pots and planters: Use deep pots, but don't use large ones. Incorporate a drainage base (gravel, ceramic chips) before adding the substrate.
- Variety associations: Mixing different types and colors allows for very striking compositions, both in garden beds and planters.
- Staggered plantings: Sow every 2-3 weeks to prolong flowering throughout the warm season.
- Protect from wind: If they are on a terrace or in exposed locations, look for a sheltered spot to prevent the wind from damaging the taller stems.
