Arisarum vulgare, also known as lesser dragonet, devil's candles, arisaro, frailillo or capuchinos, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Araceae family. This species stands out for its unique tubular flowers, which evoke the image of a hooded friar, and its heart-shaped leaves Deep green in color. It is native to regions with a Mediterranean climate, southern Europe, North Africa, and parts of the Caucasus. It has adapted perfectly to humid, shady environments, making it a very attractive ornamental option for gardens or pots.
Characteristics and morphology of Arisarum vulgare
Arisarum vulgare It is a small herbaceous and evergreen plant that rarely exceeds 30 centimeters tall. It spreads by underground rhizomes that give it a great capacity to cover the ground and survive during the winter, sprouting again every spring. The leaves grow from the base, have an oval or horned shape and a bright green color, often with silver or whitish markings. The petioles can reach up to 37 cm in length and, in some cases, display purple hues.
The inflorescence rises on a longest peduncle than the petiole and, at its top, appears the characteristic spathe: a modified leaf with a cylindrical and cuculate appearance, with dark purple and white tones at the base, which envelops the spadix, the true floral organ. The male and female flowers are grouped inside and the spadix can be seen hanging or coiled.
- Usual height: until 30 cm
- Leaf typology: large, heart-shaped leaves, wavy margin
- Underground rhizomes: winter survival and propagation
- Inflorescence: tubular spathe, purple/white
- Flowering: prolonged, from late autumn to spring
Natural habitat and ecology
Arisarum vulgare It thrives in humid, shaded ecosystems, such as understories, meadows under trees, roadsides, riverbanks, and rock crevices rich in organic matter. It prefers well-drained, slightly moist soils with abundant organic matter, although it can survive in stony soils if the humidity and shade conditions are adequate. Its altitudinal range is wide, reaching from coastal areas to just over 1000 meters above sea level.
In the garden, it's perfect for shady areas, next to ponds, or in areas where other plants struggle. It adapts to disturbed soil, walls, and slopes, making it ideal for ecological gardening and habitat restoration projects.
- Optimal exposure: shade or semi-shade; avoid direct sunlight
- Ideal soil: Rich in bases, pH between 5.5 and 8, with good drainage and nutrients
- Altitude: from sea level to over 1000 m
- Warm zones: tolerates extreme heat and moderately dry to moist soils
Caring for Arisarum vulgare
One of the biggest advantages of Arisarum vulgare is its easy maintenance, making it an excellent choice even for inexperienced gardeners. Here are the key aspects for its care:
Irrigation and humidity
Maintain the land slightly damp but never waterlogged It's essential. Watering frequency will vary depending on the climate, soil texture, and exposure, but it's usually sufficient for the top layer of soil to dry out before watering. During the growing and flowering season, regular watering is essential; during the dormant stage, water can be reduced, always ensuring that the rhizomes don't dry out completely.
Type of substrate and fertilization
- Prefers soils rich in organic matter and with a loamy or sandy texture. If the soil is poor, adding compost or humus will significantly improve its development.
- Avoid compacted and poorly ventilated soils, as these can promote root diseases.
- It does not require special fertilizers; the organic matter in the substrate is sufficient.
Light and temperature
- It develops perfectly in semi-shade and shadeDirect exposure to sunlight, especially during the middle of the day, can cause leaf burn and dehydration.
- It tolerates light and occasional frosts. However, does not tolerate intense frost and prolonged.
Pruning and maintenance
- Arisarum vulgare does not require regular pruning. It is sufficient to remove dry or damaged leaves and stems to promote ventilation and aesthetics of the plant.
- Due to its rhizomatous growth, it can spread and cover the ground, acting as an ornamental ground cover.
Plagues and diseases
- This species is very disease and pest resistant, making it a low-maintenance plant.
- Occasionally it may be attacked by snails and slugs, which feed on the leaves.
- Pesticide applications are usually not necessary; periodic checks and manual cleaning are sufficient if these invertebrates are detected.
Propagation
- The most effective method of propagation is division of rhizomes, preferably in spring, when the plant is entering the growth phase.
- To a lesser extent, it is also possible to reproduce it by seeds, but this method is slower and less reliable.
Uses and ornamental value
- Arisarum vulgare It is widely appreciated as ornamental plant for its unique flowering and its ability to provide color and texture in shaded areas. You can also explore how climbing plants complement their visual effect.
- It is used in pots, planters, garden borders, rockeries and as a ground cover in damp and shaded areas.
- Due to its durability, it is ideal for Mediterranean coastal gardens and ecological restoration projects.
Toxicity and precautions
Arisarum vulgare is a toxic plant. All parts of the plant contain irritants, especially the rhizomes and flowers. Direct contact can cause irritation. cutaneous or mucous membranes, and ingestion can cause poisoning. For this reason, it is advisable to keep it away from children and pets.
- It is not recommended to use it for medicinal purposes without a prescription and supervision from a specialist, since although it has traditionally been assigned laxative, diuretic, expectorant, bronchial, wound healing, and even aphrodisiac properties, its internal use can be dangerous.
- When gardening, it is sufficient to handle it with gloves and avoid contact with the eyes and mouth.
Flowering and life cycle
La flowering of Arisarum vulgare It is long-lasting and can be seen from late autumn to early or mid-spring, depending on environmental conditions. Its inflorescences are discreet but very original. After flowering, small berries are formed containing one to five seeds, which can be dispersed by animals (endozoochory).
- As a geophyte, its replacement shoots remain protected in the rhizomes during the unfavorable season, ensuring its survival.
Practical recommendations for its cultivation
- Location: Select an area of ​​the garden with partial or full shade, especially in hot climates.
- Substrate preparation: Make sure the soil is well-drained and enrich it with compost or humus to promote root development.
- Plantation: Plant rhizomes shallowly, allowing room for the plant to spread.
- Irrigation: Maintain constant humidity, without flooding the substrate.
- Maintenance: No pruning or special fertilizers are required; simply remove wilted leaves as needed.
- Slug and snail control: Perform periodic inspections and manually remove any that appear.
Thanks to its rusticity, resistance and beauty, Arisarum vulgare It is ideal for both private gardens and ecological restoration projects. Its unique flowering plants provide a unique ornamental value, filling areas where other plants fail to thrive with life and color. With basic care and following the recommendations outlined above, this species can accompany you for a long time, adding an exotic and natural touch to your green space.