Introduction to Capsicum frutescens: Origin and Botanical Description
Capsicum frutescens, Popularly known as chili, chili pepper, chili pepper or cayenne pepper, is a plant characterized by its spicy flavor and its recognized uses in both gastronomy and traditional medicine. Native to the tropical regions of Central and South America, this species belongs to the Solanaceae family, which also includes potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants.
the bush of Capsicum frutescens It usually reaches up to one metre in height, although the size can vary depending on the quality of the soil and the climatic conditions, developing best in warm climates. It has a dense and compact foliage, smooth, oval-shaped green leaves, and solitary white or pale green flowers. Its fruits are small, elongated berries that, when ripe, turn a vibrant red and easily detach from the stem, facilitating seed dispersal.
The particularity of this species lies in its content of capsaicin, the compound responsible for its spicy flavor and many of its beneficial health effects. Furthermore, the plant has been studied and used since ancient times by indigenous cultures in the Americas, who recognized its multiple uses and properties.
Taxonomy and Varieties of Capsicum frutescens
El genus Capsicum It comprises at least 27 species, among which the following stand out:
- Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper, choricero pepper, poblano pepper, etc.)
- capsicum chinense (habanero and other very hot chilies)
- capsicum pubescens (Andean chili or rocoto)
- Capsicum baccatum (Peruvian yellow chili, among others)
- Capsicum frutescens (chili, Tabasco, malagueta, peri-peri…)
Some varieties and cultivars recognized by Capsicum frutescens are:
- 'Tabasco'
- 'Malagueta'
- 'Piri piri'
- 'Kambuzi'
- 'Infinite Chile'
- 'Ají Gusanito' (Bolivia)
- 'Ají Charapita', 'Ají Chuncho' (Peru)
- 'Ají Chirere' or 'Chirel' (Venezuela)
- 'Ají Tití', 'Ají Caribe' (Dominican Republic)
In many regions, the generic name (chili, chili, chili pepper) encompasses both sweet and hot varieties, so it is important to specify the species to know its exact properties.
Chemical Composition and Nutritional Values
The fruit of Capsicum frutescens It stands out for its richness in capsaicin, but it also provides numerous micronutrients:
- Vitamin C: (up to 150% of the recommended daily intake in 100 g)
- Vitamin B6 and folic acid
- Carotenoids and lycopene (natural antioxidants)
- Flavonoids and polyphenols
- Essential minerals: potassium, magnesium and iron
- Low calorie and low fat
These nutrients, together with its phytochemical profile, make the Capsicum frutescens A true ally for health, both in nutrition and in topical and medicinal applications.
Properties of Capsicum frutescens: Health and Wellness
- Appetite stimulantConsuming chili or cayenne pepper can help whet the appetite and stimulate gastric secretion, facilitating digestion and improving gastrointestinal motility. Therefore, it has been traditionally used to combat anorexia, hypochlorhydria (low gastric acid), gas, and intestinal fermentation.
- Thermogenic effectCapsaicin increases body temperature, which increases basal metabolism and promotes calorie burning. This thermogenic effect has been exploited in supplements aimed at weight control and metabolic regulation.
- Regulation of metabolism and reduction of appetite: The intake of capsules of extract of Capsicum frutescens It can help reduce the feeling of hunger, promoting satiety through nervous and metabolic mechanisms.
- Improved lipid profileSome studies suggest that continued consumption of capsaicin may help reduce LDL cholesterol, promoting cardiovascular health.
- Antioxidant properties: The high concentration of vitamin C, carotenoids and flavonoids fights free radicals, which helps prevent premature aging and reduces cell damage.
- Analgesic and anti-inflammatory action: Used topically, the Capsicum frutescens It acts as a natural analgesic for muscle pain, joint pain, and neuralgia. Its application in creams and patches helps relieve discomfort without resorting to conventional drugs.
- Improves blood circulationBy stimulating skin receptors and exerting a vasodilatory effect, it promotes tissue irrigation and oxygenation. This is especially valued in cosmetic applications and for treating muscle or joint ailments.
- Nutritional contribution: Its low calorie content and high level of antioxidants make it an ideal food for those seeking a balanced and healthy diet.
Benefits in Cosmetics and Personal Care
The inclusion of Capsicum frutescens In cosmetic products it has gained relevance thanks to the following effects:
- Stimulates microcirculation: Applied to the skin, capsaicin promotes peripheral circulation, providing nutrients and oxygen that help create more radiant and rejuvenated skin.
- Collagen production: Fibroblast activation promotes collagen synthesis, which is essential for maintaining elasticity and firmness of the skin, and to delay the signs of aging.
- Firming and conditioning properties: The extract of Capsicum frutescens Dry, used in limited quantities, provides a toning and firming effect.
- Prevention of skin aging: Thanks to its antioxidants, it helps counteract free radicals and slow down the appearance of wrinkles.
- Promoting hair growth and health: Stimulates circulation in the scalp, which can promote faster and more robust hair growth, strengthening it and preventing hair loss.
Traditional Applications and Cultural Uses
- Native American communities have used the Capsicum frutescens for centuries:
- Meals: Essential condiment in typical dishes, sauces (such as the well-known Tabasco sauce), dressings and pickles.
- Medicinal application: Natural remedies to treat infections, digestive problems, muscle pain and rheumatism.
- Ritual and ceremonial usesFor example, in certain tribes in Panama, the smoke from burning chili peppers is used to ward off evil spirits during transition ceremonies.
- Natural repellent and self-defense: Used as a crop protectant against animals (elephants, rodents) or as an active ingredient in pepper sprays.
Differences with Other Capsicum Species
Capsicum frutescens It is clearly distinguished from other varieties such as Capsicum annuum o capsicum chinense due to its morphological characteristics, flavor and capsaicin level. Unlike the Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper or sweet chili), which is almost completely lacking in capsaicin’s most emblematic landmarks, the frutescens It is one of the hottest varieties. It also stands out for its smaller, upright fruit, which detaches more easily from the stem, which aids its natural dispersal.
How to Consume and Safe Dosage
El Capsicum frutescens can be incorporated into the diet in multiple ways:
- Fresh: In sauces, stews and as a condiment.
- Macerated or fermented: In vinegar, to give a spicy touch to dishes.
- Ground and dried: As a powdered spice for seasoning foods.
- In capsules or extracts: To supplement its metabolic and antioxidant effects.
The usual doses vary depending on the presentation:
- Powdered: up to 10 mg per capsule, at the start of meals.
- Dye (1:10): 10 drops at the beginning of meals.
- Fluid extract (1:1): 3 to 5 drops, one to three times a day.
For topical applications (creams, ointments, patches), it is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions and perform tolerance tests on sensitive skin.
Contraindications and Precautions
excessive consumption or inadequate of Capsicum frutescens may entail some risks:
- Irritation of the digestive mucosa: Continued use in large quantities may cause gastric discomfort, nausea, vomiting and in extreme cases diarrhea or allergic reactions.
- Contraindicated in gastric ulcers: It should not be consumed by people with a history of gastroduodenal ulcer, acute gastritis or inflammatory diseases of the digestive tract.
- Skin sensitization: Topical application may cause stinging or burning on sensitive or damaged skin; patch testing is recommended before extensive use.
- drug interactions: It may interfere with some anticoagulant treatments, so it is advisable to consult with a specialist before starting its regular use as a supplement.
- Allergic reactions: Like any food, it can trigger allergies, especially in susceptible people, causing everything from oral itching to edema or, in extreme cases, anaphylaxis.
Economic Importance and Other Prominent Uses
Chili peppers and other varieties of Capsicum frutescens They have a high agricultural and gastronomic value. They are considered one of the most used spices worldwideCountries like India, Mexico, Brazil, and other Central and South American countries stand out for their production and exports, adapting to different growing conditions and supporting the local and regional economies.
Other uses include:
- Natural colourant: In the food industry due to its carotenoid content.
- Biological repellentIn Africa and Asia it is used to protect crops from large animals, such as elephants.
- Personal defence: As a basis for non-lethal pepper sprays for self-defense.
- Ingredient in fermented products: Like sauces and pickles.
Capsicum frutescens in World Gastronomy
Thanks to its versatility and flavor, it's becoming an indispensable ingredient in cuisines around the world. Used both fresh and dried, the ají or chile frutescens enhances soups, stews, meats, fish, legumes, and pickles. In the Peruvian jungle, for example, it accompanies cocona-based sauces, and in Venezuela, it's the star of the traditional Criollo hot sauce.
Current Scientific Research and Future Perspectives
El Capsicum frutescens It is the subject of numerous scientific studies focused on its potential to prevent metabolic diseases, reduce cardiovascular risk, and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. Recent research investigates the action of capsaicin in improving insulin sensitivity, controlling obesity, inflammation, and protecting cells from oxidative stress.
At the dermatological level, the capsaicin contained in frutescens has been shown to improve microcirculation and activate collagen synthesis, positioning it as an ingredient of choice in anti-aging and firming products.
In the field of nutrition, its use is being explored as a functional additive in foods and supplements aimed at weight management and cardiovascular health. Furthermore, its potential as a natural coloring and flavoring reduces dependence on synthetic additives, driving trends toward healthier and more natural eating.
Storage and Conservation
To keep the properties of Capsicum frutescens, It is important:
- Store fresh fruits in a cool, dry place away from light.
- Store the powder in airtight containers
- Avoid moisture, which can accelerate the loss of active compounds
- Freeze if necessary for long periods
Drying and milling must be done quickly after harvest to preserve essential phytochemicals and antioxidants.
Thanks to its nutritional profile, its richness in bioactive compounds and its culinary and medicinal versatility, Capsicum frutescens It is one of the most valued plants in food, herbal medicine, and natural cosmetics. However, its consumption should be done in moderation and under appropriate guidelines, especially for people with digestive sensitivities.
