La column, also popularly known as Golden carp, is a genus of plants of enormous beauty and uniqueness, widely appreciated for their vibrant flowers and hanging structure. These plants belong to the family Gesneriaceae and are native to the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. With more than 200 species Recognized and numerous varieties and hybrids, the Columnea has earned a special place among lovers of indoor gardening and among those looking to touch exotic nature in their own home.
What is Columnea? Main characteristics
The Columnea groups together species both herbaceous and shrubby, but most are recognized by their hanging or semi-hanging habit, making them ideal candidates for baskets, shelves, and raised ledges. Many species are epiphytes, that is, they live on other plants or trees in nature, absorbing moisture and nutrients from the environment and bark. However, there are also terrestrial and climbing or even trailing species.
Its leaves They are perennial, opposite, with highly variable shapes (ovate, elliptical, lanceolate, linear), and may or may not have a petiole. The foliage color ranges from different shades of green, sometimes with violet or purple hues on the veins, and some species are covered with fine whitish hairs. The leaves are usually fleshy, adapted to retain moisture in warm and humid climates.
The most striking feature of the Columnea is its flowering; its flowers are tubular, elongated and very colorful, which can take on shades of red, orange, purple, and yellow. This floral design is specially adapted to be pollinated by hummingbirds, who are fascinated by the nectar and shape of the flowers, thus ensuring cross-fertilization and genetic variety.
After flowering, the Columnea develops fruits in the form of globose berries, which usually contain several seeds inside. Flowering can occur at different times of the year depending on the species and growing conditions, with autumn and winter being very common periods.
Taxonomy and Botanical Importance
- Family: Gesneriaceae
- Gender: Columnea
- Origin: Tropical America, mainly Central and South America.
- Plant type: Perennial or epiphytic subshrub (suitable for indoors, hanging baskets and containers).
- Flowering: Autumn to spring, with bijesexual axillary flowers and nectariferous.
Highlighted fact: Hummingbirds are the primary pollinators in their native habitat, being vital to the survival and wild propagation of Columneas.
Main Types and Species of Columnea
More than 200 species have been described within the Columnea genus, but some of the most popular and cultivated are listed below. Each has unique characteristics in terms of size, foliage, coloration, and cultivation requirements.
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column argument
A long-stemmed, hanging plant that can reach 40 centimeters and has small leaves measuring 1 to 2 centimeters. Its tubular flowers are red or orange-red, ideal for hummingbird pollination.
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column glorious
A highly prized variety for its drooping appearance and elongated leaves covered with tiny whitish hairs. Its red flowers are among the most striking in the genus.
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Column 'Krakatau'
Selected for its low growth and drooping stems of dark green leaves. The flowers can be orange or reddish, but they maintain a distinctive and interesting appearance.
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Columnea purpureovittata
It stands out for its rough, 3- to 4-centimeter-long, green leaves with purple veins. Its drooping shape and purple and green flowers add unique visual appeal.
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Columnea x banksii
A low-growing hybrid, rarely exceeding 20 centimeters in height. It has dark green leaves and orange flowers. It's perfect for small spaces or for creating multi-level arrangements.
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columnea lepidocaulis
Another striking species within the genus, easily distinguishable by its foliage and the appearance of its flowers, adapted to humid and warm environments.
There are numerous additional species and cultivars such as Columnea microphylla, Columnea hirta, Columnea kewensis o Columnea schiediana, each providing different nuances in color, shape, and size of both leaves and flowers. Most commercial and ornamental species tend to grow drooping, but some can climb or even trail under natural conditions.
Complete Spine Care Guide
The Columnea is, due to its tropical origins, a demanding plant in certain key aspects. Its success and longevity in the home depend greatly on factors such as the humidity, the quality of the substrate, the amount of light and temperature, in addition to the prevention of pests and diseases.
Location and Light
- Abundant but indirect lightColumnea needs plenty of light, but never direct sunlight, as the leaves and flowers are easily damaged. Place the plant near a bright window with a translucent curtain or filtered light.
- Avoid draftsAir conditioning, fans, or natural drafts can dry and damage foliage.
- If you grow it outdoors, choose a location in total shade during the summer or semi-shade in mild climates, always protected from direct sun and drying wind.
In cold climates or with very intense summers, the Columnea should be treated as an indoor plant, placing it in rooms without sudden changes in temperature or direct exposure to radiators or heat sources.
Temperature and Climate
- Optimal temperature: Between 18ºC and 24ºC during active growth. It can tolerate temperatures as low as 10ºC occasionally, but never frost or extreme temperatures.
- ColdThe plant suffers if the temperature drops below 10°C. It is essential to protect it in temperate areas, especially at night.
- Excessive heatIf it exceeds 30ºC, it is best to move it indoors to a ventilated but cool place.
After flowering, it is advisable to slightly reduce the temperature (if possible) and watering, allowing a dormant period that encourages vigorous flowering again in the next season.
Humidity
The Columnea requires high ambient humidity to keep its leaves taut and prevent problems such as wrinkling or leaf drop. In its natural environment, humidity is usually above 60%. If the air in your home is dry, you can:
- Spray the foliage with lime-free water (distilled or rainwater) every few days, especially during warmer seasons. However, if you live near the sea or in areas with high humidity, this practice can encourage mold, so it's essential to check the environment first.
- Place the pot on a tray with damp pebbles, without the bottom of the pot directly touching the water.
- use humidifiers electrical appliances in particularly dry rooms.
Avoid spraying if the ambient humidity is already high (greater than 50-60%), as this can cause the growth of fungi and botrytis.
Type of Soil or Substrate
The substrate is vital for the success of growing Columnea. This plant needs a fertile, light and perfectly drained soilIn nature, many species are epiphytes, growing on tree bark, so we should emulate these conditions at home:
- Mix of Universal substrate enriched with peat, perlite and organic matter to ensure a loose, airy and slightly acidic texture (pH between 5,5 and 6,5).
- Avoid soils that are very high in lime, as this can negatively affect leaf growth and coloration.
- For hanging baskets, make sure there are enough drainage holes.
If the pot has a collection plate, never let water accumulate in it, as this can rot the roots.
Irrigation of the Columnea
The frequency and amount of watering depend on the climate, plant size, and substrate type. The key is keep the substrate constantly moist but without puddlesSome practical guidelines:
- In spring and summer: Water every two or three days if the weather is hot and dry; in humid climates, once a week may be sufficient.
- In autumn-winter: Reduce watering to once every seven or fifteen days, depending on the dryness and temperature of the environment.
- Use lime-free water at room temperature. Cold water can affect the roots and the plant in general.
To check if the plant needs water, insert a wooden stick into the substrate: if it comes out dry, water; if it comes out moist and with substrate stuck to it, wait a few days. Excess water is harmful; can cause leaf drop, stem and root rot.
If you see wrinkled leaves, it's a sign of drought or low humidity; if the leaves turn yellow, it's probably due to overwatering or poorly drained water.
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To enjoy vigorous growth and spectacular blooms, Columnea needs to be regularly paid in growing season (spring and summer):
- Use liquid fertilizer for indoor plants or a special fertilizer for flowering plants, once every three or four weeks. You can dilute a little more than recommended to avoid overfeeding.
- In fall and winter, reduce or stop feeding, especially if the plant goes dormant.
- Avoid fertilizers with high calcium content.
Pruning and Maintenance
La regular pruning The Columnea is essential for maintaining an aesthetic shape, stimulating branching, and encouraging flowering. Prune at the end of the flowering period, removing old, dry, or overly long stems. If you see damaged leaves or branches, remove them to make room for new shoots. Pinching the tips encourages lateral branching and the production of more flowers the following season.
Multiplication
The propagation of the Columnea is mainly done by stem cuttingsAt the end of flowering, take stem segments measuring about 8-10 cm, remove the lower leaves, and place them in a light substrate (a mixture of peat and moist sand), covered with clear plastic or glass to retain moisture. They will root in about 2-3 weeks at warm temperatures (20-22°C) in a protected, well-lit environment.
Plagues and diseases
Although the Columnea is quite hardy, it can be vulnerable to some problems:
- Aphids and red spider: They are combated with natural insecticides such as potassium soap or Neem oil, spraying the plant every 15-20 days as a preventive measure.
- Botrytis and fungi: Caused by excessive humidity or waterlogged substrate. If gray mold or wilted areas appear, remove the affected areas and apply a specific fungicide.
- Fall of leaves: It is usually caused by sudden changes in temperature, exposure to drafts or stress due to inadequate irrigation.
- Physiological problems (wrinkled/dry leaves): They indicate a dry atmosphere, lack of irrigation or incorrect location.
- Rare diseasesIf your plant is suffering from neck or root rot, it is most likely receiving too much water or the substrate is not draining well.
Extra tips and tricks for growing Columnea
- Do not transplant immediately after purchase.Wait at least two weeks for the plant to adapt to its new environment before repotting.
- Never expose to direct sunlight., not even during winter; the bright sunlight can burn the sensitive leaves.
- Use still or rainwater whenever possible for irrigation and spraying.
- Keep the plant tall if possible, to avoid damage to the hanging stems and achieve a more ornamental effect.
- If you have pets, Columnea is non-toxic to dogs and cats, thus adding extra safety to its indoor cultivation.
Frequently asked questions and solutions to common problems
- Why does my Columnea have wrinkled or drooping leaves? It's probably due to a dry environment or lack of water. Increase the humidity and check the substrate before watering again.
- What do I do if the flowers dry out without opening? It could be due to a sudden change after purchase, improper placement, or overwatering. Move the plant to a brighter, sunless location and monitor watering.
- Can Columnea be pruned? Yes, it's a good idea to prune after flowering and pinch the ends of the stems. This will ensure more compact growth and better flowering.
- When and how to transplant it? Ideally, it should be done in spring, when the plant is actively growing. Use wide, shallow pots with light, acidic soil.
- Can Columnea be grown outdoors? Yes, but only in warm, humid climates year-round, protected from sun and wind. In most cases, it's best as a houseplant.
Decorative combinations and ornamental use
The Columnea is ideal for hanging baskets and decorative pots Thanks to its drooping habit, you can combine different varieties to create a tapestry of contrasting leaves and flowers. Use it to decorate windowsills, shelves, sheltered patios, or well-lit entryways. Its air-purifying properties and low toxicity make it suitable for family homes and those with pets.
Its flowers, in addition to beautifying the environment, can attract butterflies or hummingbirds if you are lucky enough to have an outdoor garden in a subtropical climate.
La column o Golden carp It's an incredibly attractive plant, perfect for those seeking exoticism and color in indoor spaces. Provided with a warm, humid environment with filtered light and controlled watering, it will respond with healthy growth and abundant flowering. Its wide variety of species and cultivars allows it to adapt to any space and taste, from hanging baskets to sunny shelves, always ensuring a touch of tropical nature in the home.
