Echinacea: characteristics, species, cultivation, uses and medicinal benefits

La EchinaceaEchinacea, known in Spanish as Echinacea, is one of the most prized perennial plants in both gardening and herbal medicine. Noted for its stunning flowers and hardiness, it attracts a multitude of beneficial insects, including bees and butterflies, essential for pollination and biodiversity in orchards and gardens. It is not only a highly valuable ornamental species, but thanks to its ease of cultivation and multiple medicinal uses, it has become one of the most popular plants around the world. Below you can discover everything you need to know about Echinacea: its origin, botanical description, varieties, medicinal uses, active ingredients, directions for use, contraindications, specific details for its cultivation and care, and all the aspects that make it an essential species for any lover of nature and natural health.

Origin, history and characteristics of Echinacea

Echinacea It is the scientific name of a genus of perennial herbaceous plants belonging to the family Asteraceae (composites), which also includes daisies and marigolds. The etymology of the term Echinacea comes from the Greek "ekhinos," which refers to a hedgehog, due to the spiny center of its flowers. All species are native to the prairies of North America, especially in parts of the United States and Canada.

For hundreds of years, Echinacea has been used by as many as fourteen Native American groups, including the Sioux, Comanches, and Cheyennes, to treat snakebites, infections, wounds, toothaches, and respiratory ailments. The plant gained popularity in Europe in the late 19th century, becoming part of conventional medicine for its effects on the skin, blood, and immune system.

The species of Echinacea The best-known varieties grow wild in meadows, plains and forest edges, adapting to both stony and lighter soils as long as drainage is effective.

Botanically, they have rigid, erect stems that can reach between 50 centimeters and up to 2 meters in height, depending on the species and soil conditions. Their leaves are lanceolate or elliptical, often hairy, and have a continuous margin. The root system is deep and robust, allowing the plant to withstand periods of moderate drought.

One of the greatest attractions of Echinacea is its flowers: large, showy, and long-lasting. They are composed of a central cone, dark brown or orange, with ligules (the "false petals") that can be pink, purple, white, or yellow depending on the variety. As an ornamental plant, its bloom extends throughout spring and summer, providing a vibrant and distinctive presence in any outdoor space.

Main species and varieties of Echinacea

Currently, there are about ten main species recognized within the genus Echinacea, although there are some subspecies and ornamental cultivars. Among the accepted species are:

• Echinacea purpurea: Without a doubt, the most cultivated and used in Europe. It grows up to 120 cm in size and is characterized by its deep purple or pink flowers.
• Echinacea angustifolia: Known as narrow-leaved echinacea, it is prized for its therapeutic potency and its pink or light purple flowers. It is the most widely used in traditional and modern herbal medicine.
• Echinacea pallida: It stands out for its thinner, white or pale pink petals, tilted downwards, and its great resistance to drought and poor soils.
• Echinacea paradoxa: Unique for its yellow flowers, it is less common in cultivation but highly appreciated.
• Echinacea laevigata and Echinacea atrorubens: less widespread species, with variations in the color and shape of the leaves and petals.
• Echinacea sanguinea: notable for the dark reddish color of its central cone.

Each of these species presents slight differences in appearance, coloration, and environmental tolerance, although they share most morphological characteristics, resistance, and medicinal uses. Cultivation and marketing usually focus on Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia y Pale Echinacea.

Description of the main species of Echinacea

Echinacea purpurea: Robust, perennial plant, with violet or purple flowers, its root is less developed than that of E. angustifolia, but it also contains active ingredients with immunostimulating properties. It is widely used in the production of liquid extracts, tablets, tinctures, and syrups.

Echinacea angustifoliaIts main characteristic is the narrowness and length of its leaves. It blooms with pink or purple ray florets. It is traditionally the most potent species therapeutically and the most resistant to intense cold (it can withstand temperatures down to -18ºC or -20ºC, according to botanical literature).

Pale EchinaceaIt is distinguished by its drooping, pale or white petals and its resistance to poor, dry soils. It tolerates drought once well established and blooms during the summer, making it one of the most attractive varieties for areas with extreme climates.

Life cycle and flowering of Echinacea

Echinacea is a perennial, which means it lives for several years. Its life cycle begins with seed germination in spring, continues with vegetative growth during the first year (during which it generally doesn't flower except in very temperate climates), and then blooms in the second spring or summer, when it reaches its peak.

Adult plants develop erect flower stems crowned by large inflorescences that can exceed 10 centimeters in diameter. The petals, or ligules, are arranged around a central cone, which is very attractive to pollinators. Flowering lasts for several weeks, especially if faded flowers are removed to encourage new blooms.

A single plant can live 5 to 10 years, producing flowers each season, provided proper care is maintained, the substrate is free of waterlogging, and the plant is transplanted when required.

Medicinal and pharmacological properties of Echinacea

The interest in Echinacea as medicinal plant It is due to the presence of a rich variety of active principles, mainly:

• Immunostimulating polysaccharides: active ingredients that strengthen the body's defenses and stimulate the activity of macrophages (immune cells responsible for eliminating pathogens).
• Alkylamides: with anti-inflammatory effect, they strengthen the body's immune barrier and have antiviral, bactericidal and fungicidal activity demonstrated in in vitro studies.
• Phenolic acids: such as caffeic acid, chicoric, caftaric and cynarin acids, with power antirust and bactericidal.
• Essential oils with borneol, caryophyllene, germacrene and other volatile compounds.
• Flavonoids, resins, sialagogues, phytosterols and inulin.

The most commonly used part of the plant is the root, although the flowering tops (flower heads) and upper leaves are also used. Both the fresh and dried root are considered the most potent, concentrating immunostimulating alkaloids and polysaccharides.

Pharmacological action and therapeutic effects:

• Nonspecific immune stimulation: increases the production and effectiveness of defense cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, properdin, interferon and cytokine production), which helps prevent and combat infections (colds, flu, respiratory infections, otitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, urinary tract infections).
• Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity: By inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, it reduces inflammation and helps control fever in infectious processes.
• Action on the skin and healing: blocks hyaluronidase, which prevents the spread of infections and promotes tissue regeneration and the healing of wounds, ulcers or minor burns.
• Antifungal and antiviral properties: Echinacea extracts have shown remarkable efficacy in preventing and treating conditions caused by viruses or resistant microorganisms.
• Sudorific and choleretic action: stimulates bile production and aids digestive processes; it has certain anti-allergic and antiherpetic effects.
• Antioxidant and antiradical activity thanks to phenolic acids.
• In recent studiesEchinacea has shown benefits in reducing the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as a potential preventive action in benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Medicinal uses of Echinacea: traditional and current applications

Echinacea's reputation as a natural remedy for the immune system is supported by multiple studies, although it's important to note that its effects may vary depending on the species, part used, dosage, and duration of treatment. It is primarily used for:

• Prevention and treatment of respiratory infections such as colds, flu, bronchitis, pharyngitis and allergies.
• Treatment of bacterial and viral infections urinary tract infections, oral conditions (canker sores, candidiasis, inflammation of the gums and tongue) and skin infections (wounds, eczema, dermatitis, acne, burns, psoriasis).
• General stimulation of the defenses, especially during times of seasonal changes, physical or mental stress, or after debilitating illnesses.
• Reduction of mild allergic reactions and auxiliary treatment for recurrent digestive and urinary conditions.
• External use in the form of creams, ointments, mouthwashes and infusions for rinsing, to promote healing and reduce inflammation.
• Aphrodisiac in specific preparations (according to some studies, it increases peripheral vasodilation and stimulates erection in men when applied externally).
• Reduction of side effects of oncological therapies (under medical supervision).

Presentations and forms of administration

• Alcoholic tincture: Generally, 30-50 drops dissolved in water, up to three times a day. Not recommended for children or for long-term treatments.
• Liquid extract and juice: They are dosed in drops (20-60 drops/3 times daily) or spoonfuls, adapting the treatment to the age and weight of the patient.
• Infusion: decoction of root (especially of Echinacea angustifolia) in a mixture with other plants (licorice, elderberry, thyme) to enhance the effect; drink several cups a day.
• Capsules and tablets: standardized presentations of 400-500 mg, generally between 3 and 4 per day.
• Syrup: For children from 2 years old, only under professional advice.
• Creams, ointments, mouthwashes and rinses: for localized skin and oral problems.

Of note is the combination of echinacea with propolis, vitamin C, sage, and plantain in specific preparations designed to further strengthen the immune system and enhance the anti-inflammatory and healing effects.

Indications and limitations of use

Echinacea is mainly indicated for:

• Stimulate the non-specific defenses of the organism.
• Prevent and treat respiratory, digestive and urinary infections.
• Accelerate the recovery of wounds, burns, abscesses and boils.
• Treatment of minor oral lesions.

However, although it is generally well tolerated and safe in short treatments (maximum 8 consecutive weeks, with rest periods), its prolonged use beyond what is advised is not recommended, to avoid risks of hepatotoxicity or sensitization.

Side effects, contraindications and precautions of Echinacea

In most cases, Echinacea is a plant safe and well tolerated in healthy people. However, side effects may occur in people who are allergic or prone to pollen allergies, especially to other pollen species (Asteraceae). Cases of the following have been reported:

• Throat irritation, asthma, skin rashes, cough or, in extreme cases, anaphylaxis.
• Mild oral irritation or increased salivation when preparing liquids.
• Mild digestive disorders in very prolonged treatments or at doses higher than recommended (nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, flatulence, feeling of hypotension, headache, dizziness).

Is considered contraindicated is available at:

• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and children under 2 years of age (due to the presence of alkaloids and lack of conclusive studies).
• Patients with autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, or AIDS, due to the risk of immune overstimulation and worsening of the disease.
• People undergoing immunosuppressant treatment or specific cancer therapy (consult your doctor before starting treatment with echinacea).
• Diabetic patients, since echinacea may enhance the effect of oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin.
• People with a history of severe allergies to plants of the Asteraceae family.

Continuous use of Echinacea extracts, tinctures, or tablets for more than 8 weeks without a rest period of at least the same length is not recommended.

Alcoholic preparations are not suitable for children, and infusions should not exceed 4-5 g of dried plants per day.

Echinacea Care and Cultivation: A Detailed Practical Guide

Echinacea is a rustic plant, easy to grow Both in the garden and in a good-sized pot. Its adaptability and low water requirements make it an excellent choice for both beginner and experienced gardeners.

Location

must be situated always in sunny areas, with at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily. Although it can tolerate some shade, flowering will be less abundant. A south or southwest orientation is best to ensure strong, compact growth.

Substrate, soil type and land preparation

• En flower pot: Use a lightweight universal substrate enriched with perlite or coarse sand (a mixture of 70% universal substrate and 30% perlite). The pot should have good drainage and a generous capacity (minimum 30 cm in diameter and depth).
• En garden: prefers light, slightly alkaline or neutral soils that are well-drained and rich in organic matter. It tolerates clay soils with adequate drainage, but it does not tolerate waterlogging.
• Avoid overfertilizing, as this can cause excessively rapid growth and weak stems. A complete fertilization before planting (compost, worm castings, well-rotted manure, guano, or bone meal) will be sufficient. Applying a compound fertilizer based on crushed horn and bone meal promotes flowering.
• In natural gardens or borders, the ideal planting frame is 40 cm between plants.

Irrigation

echinacea tolerates dry periods well, but to ensure continuous flowering, watering is recommended moderate and regularIn soil, 2-3 waterings per week are sufficient in summer, with more spacing in spring, fall, and winter. In pots, increase to 3-4 waterings per week in summer and 1-2 the rest of the year. Avoid leaving standing water in the saucer.

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Fertilize during spring and summer coinciding with peak growth and flowering. Prioritize organic fertilizers (compost, humus, guano) to avoid harming the surrounding fauna. In very poor soils, apply extra fertilizer just before budding and at the beginning of flowering.

Multiplication and propagation

La multiplication It is usually done by seed:

1. Prepare seedling trays or pots with light substrate, moistening it beforehand.
2. Spread the seeds superficially and cover with a thin layer of substrate.
3. Water from below, placing the seedbed on a tray of water to prevent clumping.
4. Place in a sunny location, keep moist until germination (usually a week), transplanting into individual pots when they reach between 5 and 7 cm.

It can also be multiplied by division of the adult plant in spring or autumn, especially in cultivars.

Plagues and diseases

• PestsMites, aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs, slugs, and snails can particularly affect young seedlings. They are controlled with diatomaceous earth, potassium soap, neem oil, or specific organic products.
• DiseasesPowdery mildew, phytophthora, cucumber mosaic virus, and other fungal or bacterial infections. To prevent these, avoid overwatering, maintain good ventilation, and remove affected areas. Copper-based fungicides can be used for fungal infections.

When to transplant and planting frame

Transplant to permanent soil or a larger pot when the plant is well established (roots emerging from the drainage holes). Spring is the optimal time. Repot every two or three years to prevent root strangulation.

Hardiness and resistance

Echinacea tolerates both heat and cold well (up to -18ºC or even lower depending on the species). In dry, hot climates, it's essential not to neglect watering during heat waves. Grown in pots, protect from exceptional frost.

Other uses and value in organic gardening

Echinacea not only adds beauty to the garden, but is essential for:

• Attraction of pollinating insects, helping to increase the production of vegetables and fruit trees.
• Biodiversity: Its seeds feed wild birds and its presence promotes ecological balance.
• Culinary useIn some areas, the young leaves can be incorporated into wild salads.
• Xeriscape: Its low water requirements make it an ideal candidate for low-water gardens.

Where to buy Echinacea seeds or plants?

Echinacea is available at nurseries, gardening stores, and specialized online platforms. You can purchase certified seeds of different species and cultivars. If you want to start growing them, we recommend purchasing seeds from Echinacea purpurea or, for its greater vigor and resistance to climatic adversity.

Buying tips:

• Always check the variety you have purchased (purpurea, angustifolia or pallida depending on the use you intend to give it).
• If you prioritize medicinal value, opt for angustifolia; for flowering stands or ornamental gardens, purpurea is the best choice.
• Make sure the seeds are freshly produced to ensure viability.

Frequently asked questions about Echinacea

• Can echinacea be consumed regularly? It is suitable for short- to medium-term treatments. A break is recommended after 8 weeks of use.
• What is the best species for defenses? Echinacea angustifolia due to its higher concentration of active ingredients, although purpurea is also very effective.
• Can it be grown indoors? Only if it can enjoy plenty of direct sunlight and good ventilation, with outdoor cultivation being ideal.
• Is it resistant to pests and diseases? It is a hardy species, but it can suffer from powdery mildew, aphids and some bacterial infections if it does not receive proper care.
• Is it suitable for children? Presentations specifically formulated for children (syrups and infusions in adapted doses) can be used from the age of 2, always under supervision.

Echinacea is a plant versatile, decorative and of high medicinal value, ideal for sustainable gardens and organic farming. Thanks to its durability, easy maintenance, and proven health benefits, it's a must-have in any botanical collection or home natural medicine cabinet. Take advantage of all its benefits by following the growing and usage recommendations to enjoy its spectacular flowers and its extraordinary ability to naturally strengthen your immune system.