If you've ever enjoyed an authentic Mexican dish or explored international cuisine, you've surely come across the jalapeno pepperThis variety of chili is recognized worldwide for its characteristic flavor as for your moderate spiciness levelHave you ever wondered what makes it special, why it's sometimes hotter or colder, and how to grow it in your own garden? Here, we break down everything you need to know about the jalapeƱo: its origin, cultivation, uses, and the intensity of its heat, as well as its importance in cooking and its health benefits.
What is jalapeno pepper?
El jalapeno pepper It is a variety of hot chili belonging to the species Capsicum annuum, native to Mexico. It is named after the city of Xalapa (or Jalapa) in the state of Veracruz, where it was traditionally grown. However, it is also known as cuaresmeƱo chili In some regions, especially in the center of the country due to its consumption during Lent. The jalapeƱo stands out for being a fleshy fruit, elongated in shape, firm in texture and with a fresh, slightly bitter and very aromatic taste.
In size, they usually measure between 5 and 10 centimeters long (although they can reach up to 15 cm) and about 3 cm wide at its base. It is generally harvested when it presents a Intense green, but if left to ripen on the plant, it acquires a red or even orange hue. red jalapeƱos They are sweeter and tend to be a little spicier because they contain a higher concentration of capsaicin, the alkaloid responsible for the spiciness.
This fruit, technically classified as a berry, contains numerous seeds inside and is used both fresh and dryThe dried and smoked jalapeƱo is called Chipotle pepper, very present in the preparation of sauces, moles and some traditional Mexican stews.
Because of his flavor, versatility and moderate spiciness, Is one of the most consumed chilies in Mexico and the worldIt's ideal for both those new to the world of spicy food and for experienced palates looking for a special touch in their dishes.
Origin and history of the jalapeƱo
El jalapeno It has its roots in Mexico, and although the Veracruz region is the traditional birthplace of this chili, its production has now spread to numerous areas of Mexico and other countries with warm climates. In ancient times, it is believed that it was already cultivated by civilizations such as the aztecs, forming an essential part of the pre-Hispanic diet. With the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, the jalapeƱo and other American chili peppers spread globally, becoming popular today in the United States, Spain, Morocco, Asia, and even Africa.
Today, Mexico is the world's largest producer of jalapeƱos., with more than six thousand hectares dedicated to its cultivation, especially in the Papaloapan River basin (Veracruz) and Delicias (Chihuahua). Other producing areas within Mexico include Chiapas, Sinaloa, Sonora, Nayarit, and Jalisco, although on a smaller scale. Outside of Mexico, countries such as the United States (in states like Texas, California, and New Mexico), Morocco, and Spain have increased their plantations due to strong international demand.
Botanical characteristics and varieties of the jalapeƱo
El jalapeno It belongs to the Solanaceae family and its plant can reach up to 60-100 cm in height. Its fruit has a firm, fleshy texture, with a hollow interior full of seeds and whitish veins where most of the capsaicinDepending on the point of ripeness, you can find green jalapeƱos (less ripe, fresher and with a milder spiciness) and red jalapeƱos (more mature, sweeter and spicier).
- Typical JalapeƱo: The most common, deep green and fresh taste.
- JalapeƱo morita: It is left to mature until it turns reddish and then dried, thus obtaining the classic Chipotle pepper.
- JalapeƱo meco: Larger, dried and smoked, very popular for making sauces.
- Other variants: There are hybrids that vary in size, thickness, and spiciness, adapting to different growing conditions and demands.
How is jalapeƱo pepper grown?
El jalapeƱo cultivation It's quite easy to grow if you follow the proper care. This plant requires well-drained soil, preferably sandy, and plenty of direct sunlight. It's important to sow the seeds about 6-8 weeks before the last expected frost in your area, to ensure optimal development in the warmer months. The jalapeƱo thrives best in temperatures exceeding 20ĀŗC and does not tolerate cold well.
- Prepare the land: Rich in organic matter and well aerated.
- Sowing: Quality seeds in small seedbeds or pots, with moist but not waterlogged substrate.
- Transplant: When they reach a height of about 15 cm and the risk of frost has passed, they are transplanted to their final location, leaving at least 30-50 cm between plants.
- Irrigation: Water moderately and regularly, avoiding waterlogging. Plants subjected to water stress (too little water) tend to produce spicier fruits.
- Caution: Protect against pests such as aphids and diseases like Alternaria blight. Organic mulch can be used to maintain soil moisture and temperature.
- Harvest: It is usually carried out between 70 and 75 days after sowing. Each plant can produce 25 to 35 fruits in optimal conditions.
In homes, jalapeƱo can be grown in large pots as long as it receives sufficient sunlight. Transplanting can be repeated as the plant grows, and it should be supported to prevent it from bending under the weight of the fruit.
How hot is a jalapeƱo pepper? Scoville level
El jalapeno is famous for his medium spiciness level, making it the perfect choice for those who want to add a touch of intensity without going overboard. The heat of peppers and chilies is measured in the Scoville scale, which indicates the amount of capsaicin present in the fruit. The jalapeƱo is generally located between 2.500 and 8.000 SHU (Scoville Heat Units), although most range between 3.500 and 5.000 SHU. This puts it well below extremely hot peppers like the habanero (100.000ā350.000 SHU) or Pepper X (over 3 million SHU), and above sweet peppers or milder varieties like the PadrĆ³n pepper.
El Itching varies depending on multiple factors:
- Variety and genetics: Some varieties are selected to be more or less spicy.
- Growing conditions: Water stress, soil type and climate influence capsaicin production.
- Maturation: Red jalapeƱos, which are riper, tend to be hotter than green ones.
- Stretch marks and color: Fruits with more white lines and a darker color are usually the product of stressed plants and therefore tend to be more pungent.
La capsaicin It's mainly concentrated in the veins and seeds inside the jalapeƱo. If you want to reduce the heat in your recipes, simply remove these parts before adding the chili to your dishes.
How does the Scoville scale work?
La Scoville scale It was developed to measure the spiciness of the fruits of the genus CapsicumThe traditional method involved repeatedly diluting a chili extract in sugar water until a group of tasters could no longer perceive the heat. The final number represents the degree of dilution required, i.e., how many parts water are needed to neutralize the heat. Although more precise scientific methods (such as liquid chromatography) now exist, the Scoville scale remains the standard in gastronomy and consumerism.
- Bell pepper: 0 ā 100 SHU (not spicy at all)
- JalapeƱo: 2.500 ā 8.000 SHU (moderately spicy)
- Habanero: 100.000 ā 350.000 SHU (very hot)
- Pepper X: over 3.000.000 SHU (extremely hot)
The jalapeƱo is ideal for those who want to experiment with spice without risking overly strong varieties.
Properties and nutritional benefits of jalapeƱo
Beyond its flavor and spiciness, the jalapeno It is a food with valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds:
- Low in calories: It provides about 17 kcal per 100 g of raw portion.
- Rich in water and fiber: It helps with hydration and improves digestion.
- Vitamins: It is an excellent source of vitamin C, A, K, B1, B6, B2 and folate.
- Minerals: Contains potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and iron.
- Antioxidants: Contains flavonoids and carotenoids, which help prevent cell damage.
- Capsaicin: This compound acts as a vasodilator, helping to improve circulation, boost metabolism, and protect the heart. It has also been studied for its analgesic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties.
In addition, regular consumption of jalapeƱo can contribute to strengthen the immune system and, thanks to its tannins, prevent gastric diseases.
Culinary uses and preservation of jalapeƱos
El jalapeno It is one of the most common chilies in the Mexican Kitchen, and its popularity has crossed borders. It can be consumed fresh and raw, pickled, pickled, smoked, roasted, stuffed or friedIt is a fundamental ingredient in recipes such as Nachos, tacos, quesadillas, enchiladas, guacamole and salsas, but it also enhances salads, pizzas, hamburgers or fusion dishes such as jalapeƱo sushi.
Some common ways to preserve it are:
- Wrap them in plastic wrap and refrigerate for up to 7 days if they are fresh and whole.
- Store in pieces in an airtight container, on absorbent paper, in the vegetable drawer.
- Freeze, dry, grind, or prepare in pickles or oil.
- Let it mature, dry and smoke to obtain chipotle.
Tips for choosing the perfect jalapeƱo and controlling the heat
For those who want adjust the spice level In your recipes, it is advisable to take into account some practical tips:
- The white stretch marks on the outside They indicate greater exposure to stress in the plant (due to drought, heat, low irrigation), which produces spicier fruits.
- Deep green jalapeƱos and without stretch marks they are usually softer.
- Those that have ripened to red or have many striations tend to be spicier and sweeter.
- To reduce the heat, cut the jalapeƱos in half and remove the seeds and veins. Always handle them with gloves and avoid touching your eyes.
- If you have any doubts, try the tip of the fruit first (away from the seeds) before adding it to your dishes.
Popular recipes with jalapeƱo
This chili is used in countless preparations, from mexican sauces to international fusion dishes. Here are some ideas for enjoying it:
- Guacamole with jalapeƱo: Add a finely chopped jalapeƱo to your guacamole for a fresh and spicy touch.
- Cheese-stuffed jalapeƱos: Fill them with cream cheese, mozzarella or Emmental cheese and bake until golden brown.
- Nachos with jalapeƱo: Slice jalapeƱo and sprinkle it over nachos with melted cheese, tomato salsa, and sour cream.
- Chicken in jalapeƱo sauce: Chicken breast stewed with tomato, onion, and fresh jalapeƱo slices for a creamy and light recipe.
- Sauces and marinades: Chop jalapeƱos to add to dressings, rice salads, ceviches, and sauces for meat or fish.
Spicy Comparison: JalapeƱo and Other Famous Chili Peppers
To put jalapeƱo heat into context on a global scale, here's a reference:
- Pepper X: 3.180.000 SHU
- Caroline Reaper: up to 2.200.000 SHU
- Trinidad Moruga Scorpion: more than 2.000.000 SHU
- habanero: 100.000 ā 350.000 SHU
- Jalapeno: 2.500 ā 8.000 SHU
- PadrĆ³n pepper: up to 2.500 SHU
El jalapeno It's ideal if you're looking for an accessible and pleasant spiciness, but keep in mind that there are much more intense variations for true lovers of extreme spiciness.
Today, the jalapeƱo is an essential ingredient in international cuisine, and its versatility makes it unique. From its cultivation to its use in dishes of all kinds, this chili pepper provides flavor, aroma, color and a moderate spiciness that conquers palates around the world, in addition to being a source of nutrients and health benefits. Dare to incorporate it into your recipes and discover the universe of possibilities it offers.
