Leucanthemum maximum, Commonly known as giant daisy o daisy, is one of the most spectacular and appreciated plants in ornamental gardening. Although many people confuse its enormous white flowers with common daisies, the daisy has the size, vigor, and hardiness that make it a fundamental element in flowerbeds, borders, perennial beds, and cutting gardens. In this article, we delve into Botanical characteristics, habitat, varieties, care, pests, multiplication and uses that make Leucanthemum maximum so special.
Botanical characteristics and origin of Leucanthemum maximum
La Leucanthemum maximum is a perennial herbaceous plant family Asteraceae (composites), originating from the Pyrenees, on the natural border between France and Spain. Its botanical name refers both to the white color of its flowers (from the Greek leukos) as well as its large size (Pigmentation).
It normally measures between 60 and 80 cm in height., although in optimal conditions it can exceed 90 cm. Its root system is rhizomatous, forming dense bushes and spreading plants that can occupy large areas after several years in the garden. The stems are erect, deep green to dark green, and do not usually branch to the top.
The leaves Leucanthemum maximum leaves have different shapes depending on their position: the lower leaves tend to be longer and spatulate, while the upper leaves are shorter, lanceolate or elliptical, and have toothed margins. Their hue varies from medium to dark green, often with an attractive shine.
Flowering is its greatest attraction. Each stem ends in a type of inflorescence chapter, solitary and spectacular, of 6 to 12 cm in diameterThese "flowers" are actually made up of dozens of tiny flowers grouped together: in the center are arranged the hermaphrodite tubular flowers, bright yellow, and on the periphery the female ray florets that resemble petals, pure white in color.
These inflorescences are a magnet for pollinating insects such as bees, butterflies, beetles and other useful pollinators in the garden.
- Family: Asteraceae
- Adult height: from 60 to 90 cm approx.
- Type: Perennial, rhizomatous
- Flowering: From late spring to late summer
- flower colour: radiated whites with a yellow center
- Natural habitat: Grasslands, deciduous forest clearings and soils rich in organic matter
Taxonomic classification and synonyms
La Leucanthemum maximum It has been historically known as Chrysanthemum maximum In traditional botany, although this name is now a synonym. It belongs to the genus Leucanthemum, which includes about 48 species of perennial plants distributed throughout Eurasia. Some sources consider it to be a subspecies of Leucanthemum vulgare (the European daisy), although it is currently accepted as a separate species.
Some additional popular names are: giant daisy, margariton, large chrysanthemum, chamomile and even "Pyrenean daisy".
Featured varieties and cultivars
within the species Leucanthemum maximum numerous results have been obtained cultivars and hybrids for its extraordinary ornamental value.
- 'Esther Read': large, double flowers with star-shaped petals and a pompous appearance.
- 'Alaska': solitary terminal chapters up to 12 cm in diameter, very resistant and with long peduncles, perfect for cutting.
- 'Little Muss Muffet': compact variety, with low terminal flowering and large flowers but shorter height.
Furthermore, its use as a progenitor has given rise to the well-known hybrid Leucanthemum × superbum (Shasta daisy), the result of crossing several species of Leucanthemum and a Japanese species (Nipponanthemum nipponicum). This hybrid, created by Luther Burbank, has even larger flowers and is very common in contemporary gardening.
What is the habitat and distribution of Leucanthemum maximum?
In nature, the Leucanthemum maximum It grows in rich grasslands, clearings in deciduous forests, pine forests, slopes, and rocky outcrops in temperate climates. It prefers cool, nutrient-rich, and well-drained soils, where it receives plenty of sunlight but with access to a certain amount of humidity. For more information on its cultivation, we recommend visiting our article on the different varieties of giant daisies.
It is naturalized in much of western Europe, including the Iberian Peninsula, and is easy to see growing wild in large patches, bringing light and life to mountain and meadow landscapes.
Caring for Leucanthemum maximum in the garden
La giant daisy she is a lively one very easy to grow, rustic and low-maintenance, perfect for beginners in perennial gardening. However, to ensure its full splendor and abundant blooms, it's important to pay attention to certain details, which we discuss in depth below:
Suitable location and optimal temperature
Needs to be in full sun to bloom vigorously. In very hot climates, it tolerates some light semi-shade, especially during the central hours of the day. It is resistant to high temperatures and can withstand moderately dry summers, provided the substrate is moist enough.
Cold resistanceDepending on the variety and origin, it tolerates frosts down to -15°C (and Shasta hybrids even down to -22°C). However, late frosts can damage young flower buds, so mulching is recommended in particularly cold winters.
Soil type and land preparation
The success of this crop is based on: a fertile, deep, loose soil, with good drainage and rich in organic matterIt prefers slightly calcareous soils, although it can adapt to acidic or neutral soils if sufficient fertilizer is present. It does not tolerate prolonged waterlogging or overly compacted soils well, which can cause root rot. Choosing the right type of daisy also influences its resistance and longevity. More information at hardy types of daisies.
- Ideal mix for flower beds: 50% humus-rich garden soil, 25% mature compost, and 25% coarse sand or perlite to facilitate drainage.
- Avoid locations where water stagnates and try to aerate the area from time to time if the bushes become very dense.
Irrigation and humidity
El daisy tolerates moderate droughts, although it appreciates regular watering, especially during the growth and flowering period. During the summer, watering is ideal every 2-4 days (depending on the temperature), while in winter, it can be spaced out to every 10-15 days as long as the soil is not completely dry.
- Avoid excess water and puddles, as they can cause fungal diseases.
- In light soils, slightly increase the frequency of watering.
The plant is somewhat tolerant of occasional drought (its thick roots store water), but prolonged water stress affects flowering and general appearance.
Fertilization and fertilization
Fertilizing in spring with organic fertilizer or compost helps stimulate flowering. It is advisable to use a balanced liquid fertilizer mixed with irrigation water, applying every two weeks from sprouting to the beginning of flowering.
It's not necessary to fertilize during fall and winter, as the tender shoots would be susceptible to intense cold. Avoid excessively nitrogenous fertilizers, which stimulate leaf growth but hinder flowering.
Pruning and maintenance
Pruning is key to ensuring health and longevity in Leucanthemum maximum:
- Tip: Removing the lateral stems during growth promotes a more compact and dense plant, in addition to protecting it from the wind.
- Cutting wilted flowers: Remove dried flowers throughout the summer to prolong flowering.
- Drastic pruning: At the end of flowering, cut the stems to the base (autumn) to encourage vigorous regrowth the following spring.
- Thinning: If the bush becomes too dense, remove inner branches to improve ventilation and prevent disease.
Protection against cold and frost
If severe frost is expected, cover the base of the plant with mulch made from dry leaves, straw, or bark. In cold climates, you can temporarily protect it with plastic or a thermal blanket at night. Avoid fertilizing when low temperatures are expected, as tender shoots are the most sensitive.
Common pests and diseases
La Leucanthemum maximum is generally resistant to pests and diseases if grown under optimal conditions. However, it can be affected by:
- Aphids: They attack tender shoots and flower buds, weakening flowering. They can be easily controlled with organic insecticides or natural predators.
- Snails and slugs: especially in spring and autumn, they can damage young leaves.
- Worms: Occasionally they attack leaves and buds.
- Fungal diseases: sectorized by excess water such as stem or root rot, powdery mildew in very humid and unventilated environments.
The best prevention always starts with proper growing conditions: well-drained soil, proper irrigation, and good ventilation between plants. In severe cases, you can resort to using organic fungicide treatments.
Propagation: How to Propagate the Giant Daisy
La Leucanthemum maximum can be multiplied by three main techniques:
- Sowing seeds: Ideal for obtaining new genetics. Sowing is done in spring, in protected trays or directly outdoors after the last severe cold snap. Keep moist until germination (approximately two weeks).
- Basal cuttings: Cut young stems with a rhizomatous base in spring, planting them in moist but not waterlogged substrate. They root easily.
- Division of the bush: The most efficient technique for rejuvenating old plants or expanding your collection. Every 3 or 4 years, in early spring or fall, dig up the plant and divide its rhizome into sections of at least 2-3 stems, replanting them immediately in rich, loose soil. This way, each section will produce a new, independent plant.
Remember that after division, it is advisable to fertilize and water lightly during the first few weeks to stimulate rooting.
Ornamental uses and recommended combinations
La Leucanthemum maximum It stands out almost exclusively for its ornamental value. It is widely used to create herbaceous borders, cottage-style flowerbeds, perennial beds and meadow gardens. Due to its long and showy flowering period, it is also highly appreciated in floral arrangements and centerpieces, either alone or combined with other perennial species such as Kniphofia, Achillea, Penstemon, Echinacea and Monarda.
It combines wonderfully with lavender, salvia, and other perennial daisies. It also adapts well to large containers and can be used to naturalize urban meadows or wild gardens.
There are no known medicinal, nutritional, or toxic uses, making it a safe choice for homes and family gardens.
Extra care and tips for successful cultivation
- Ventilation: If the clump becomes too dense or shows signs of disease, thin it out in spring to improve air circulation.
- Cut flower: Cut the stems in the morning when the flowers are freshly opened and place them in water with floral preservative for longer life.
- Compatibility: Plant your daisies next to species that require similar sun, water, and soil conditions.
- Avoid competition: Separate the clumps of vigorous shrubs that could block the light or steal nutrients.
With all these tips, the Leucanthemum maximum o daisy It's one of the best options for those looking for a spectacular, hardy, and ecologically valuable perennial for their garden. Its cultivation is accessible to both amateurs and professionals, and its presence ensures life, color, and dynamism in any outdoor space for many months to come.
