El medlar (Eriobotrya japonica), known for its sweet fruits and ornamental appeal, is a fruit tree native to Asia that has successfully adapted to different regions of the world. If you want to plant a loquat and ensure its health and productivity, it is essential to know how it develops and characteristics of its roots, since this will determine its growth, the quality of its fruits and its coexistence with other plants or structures in the garden.
General characteristics of the loquat root system
The loquat root system is unique and perfectly adapted to its environment:
- Initial taprootWhen germinating, the loquat develops a thick, robust tap root that projects vertically. This root helps anchor the tree firmly and allows it to draw water from deeper layers of the soil, especially in the early stages.
- Transition to fibrous roots: Over time, that taproot gives way to a system of lateral fibrous roots, which branch profusely horizontally and superficially.
- Predominance of superficial rootsThe vast majority of loquat roots are located less than 60-80 centimeters from the surface. This makes it sensitive to drought, as it depends on moisture from the surface layers of the soil for proper nutrition.
- Marked horizontal extensionThe root system expands horizontally, reaching distances that exceed the radius of its canopy. This allows it to absorb nutrients and moisture from a wide area, but it requires free space around it to avoid competing with other plants.
- Root-crown relationshipA healthy root system is reflected in vigorous aerial growth: green leaves, strong branches and quality fruit.
Are loquat roots invasive or do they pose any risks?
One of the most common myths about the loquat is its invasive potential. However, unlike other species, Its roots do not stand out for being invasiveThey generally do not cause severe damage to structures, sidewalks, or nearby buildings, nor do they usually significantly interfere with the growth of other deep-rooted trees.
However, there are some situations in which it is advisable to be cautious:
- Compact or shallow soils: In very dense soils or with hard layers, the roots of the medlar They can expand further horizontally, seeking space and nutrients, which can slightly lift the pavement or emerge on the surface.
- Trees of many years: Long-lived specimens can develop an extensive root network, becoming more visible or occupying larger areas than usual.
It is always recommended to plant loquats leaving enough space between them and other plants and buildings to avoid future disturbances.
How to choose the best location and substrate for the loquat?
The location where the loquat is planted will determine the development of its roots and its production over the years. Keep these factors in mind:
- Free space: Make sure there is enough space around the tree (at least 4-5 meters) so that the roots can expand without direct competition.
- Sun lightThe loquat prefers sunny locations, although it tolerates some shade. Light influences overall vigor, flowering, and fruit quality.
- Suitable soil: It supports a wide variety of soils, but develops optimally in those well drained, with a silty-clayey texture, rich in organic matter and with a pH of 6 to 8.
Avoid floors:
- Very compact, heavy or poorly aerated, as they promote root asphyxiation.
- Saline: The loquat is sensitive to salinity and may suffer from chlorosis or growth problems.
- Excessively acidic or with poor drainage.
Development and care of the loquat root system
Irrigation frequency and management
Irrigation is one of the most critical factors for the proper development of the roots and the aerial part of the loquat. Although it can tolerate slight droughts once established, it is important to provide regular watering, especially during flowering and fruit fattening.
- Deep and spaced watering: They promote the development of deeper and more robust roots, reducing dependence on surface moisture.
- Avoid puddles: : Accumulation of water can cause root rotMake sure the soil drains well after each watering.
- Intensive irrigation seasonDuring the first two years and during periods of intense heat, increase the frequency. Thereafter, adjust according to rainfall.
El best moment To water, it is best to do so in the early hours of the day or at dusk, when evaporation is lower.
Fertilization and specific fertilization for the loquat
El Loquat requires balanced fertilization To keep roots strong and optimize fruit production, we recommend:
- Apply compost or mature manure during spring and autumn, distributing it in the area of root projection and mixing it superficially.
- Provide mineral fertilizers rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, keeping in mind that the loquat's surface roots primarily access nutrients located in the upper layers of the soil.
- Increase the fertilizer dose for adult trees to maintain productivity, especially after fruit harvesting, when the tree needs to replenish itself.
The contributions of phosphorous and potassium are particularly important, as these nutrients do not move easily in the soil and shallow roots may have difficulty accessing them.
Weed control and competition in the root area
The area surrounding the trunk must be kept weed-free and pastures to avoid competition for water and nutrients. The use of mulching or organic mulch helps to retain moisture and prevent the growth of unwanted weeds.
Protection against root diseases and pests
The roots of the loquat can be affected by pests such as nematodes or soil-borne fungi that cause root rot or asphyxiation. To prevent and control these problems:
- Carry out periodic inspections of the root zone, especially in young or transplanted specimens.
- Remove diseased roots and apply specific fungicides when you detect symptoms such as decline, yellowing leaves, or slow growth.
- Remove fallen leaves, fruits, or branches that are decaying to reduce sources of infection.
Planting, propagating and transplanting loquats
Loquat planting should preferably be done in autumn or late winter, when the tree is dormant. The hole should be wide (at least 60 x 60 cm) and deep, to facilitate unhindered root growth.
- If you plant from seed, do so immediately after removing it from the fruit, as it quickly loses its germination capacity.
- Propagation by grafting is common in nurseries, allowing the use of rootstocks adapted to different soils.
- Transplanting adult plants is complicated by the superficial extension of their roots, so it is recommended to do so only when strictly necessary and during the period of plant inactivity.
Growing loquat in pots
The loquat can also be grown in large pots, provided that a light, organic-rich, and well-draining substrate is used. It is ideal for small gardens or terraces, but requires a lot of water. more frequent watering and regular fertilizers, since their roots have limited space.
- Use containers of at least 60 liters or more, with generous drainage holes.
- Renew the substrate every 2-3 years to avoid compaction and nutritional deficiencies.
- Watch out for the appearance of pests (mealybugs, aphids) that can attack roots and aerial parts.
Annual pruning and maintenance of the loquat
The loquat does not require severe pruning, but Yes, it is advisable to perform training pruning During the first few years, removing dry, diseased or inward-growing branches. pyramidal pruning It is one of the most recommended forms, leaving more arms at the bottom than at the top to facilitate aeration and light penetration.
- Avoid pruning during flowering or fruiting season, as this can affect the harvest.
- Regeneration pruning should focus on removing dead wood and crossing branches.
Additional aspects: physiopathies and adaptation to climate
The loquat is resistant to moderate cold, but the flowering and fruiting Early flowering plants can be affected by severe frost. Strong winds can cause fruit damage and disrupt root development if the tree is tilted.
- La purple stain and chlorosis These are common physiological disorders when there are water imbalances or calcium and zinc deficiencies. Apply treatments based on the variety's sensitivity and the results of soil analyses.
- There are multiple varieties, adaptable to different conditions, so select the one that best suits your environment and needs.
