Traditional use, medicinal properties and optimal cultivation of Plantago lanceolata

Botanical characteristics and recognition of Plantago lanceolata

Plantago lanceolata, popularly known as lesser plantain, seven-veined plantain, or sheep's tongue, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Plantaginaceae family. Native to Europe and Asia, it is currently naturalized and distributed cosmopolitanally in different temperate regions of the world. It is usually found on roadsides, vacant lots, meadows, and gardens, easily adapting to different environments and thriving especially in moist soils. fertile and well drained.

The lesser plantain is distinguished by its acaulescent bearing, with leaves arranged in a basal rosette. Its leaves are long, narrow, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 30 cm long and 0,5 to 4,5 cm wide; they have 3 to 7 very marked parallel veins and their surface can be glabrous or slightly pubescent, especially on the veins. The petioles are short and furrowed, light green to greyish in colour.

From the center of the rosette emerge erect flower scapes, which reach 10 to 80 cm in length, ending in a dense, cylindrical spike-shaped inflorescence. The flowers are small, hermaphroditic, white or purple, arranged densely on the upper part of the peduncle. The fruit is a pyridixium or capsule that, when ripe, splits open, releasing one or two characteristically shaped, amber to dark brown seeds.

Taxonomy and synonymy

Plantago lanceolata L. It is a variable species, of which several subspecies and natural hybrids are recognized. Its synonyms and alternative names include Plantago decumbens, Plantago dubia, Plantago glabriflora, Lagopus lanceolatus, and others. It is known by multiple common names depending on the region and country: lesser plantain, seven-veined plantain, five-veined plantain, plantain, piles herb, sheep's tongue, among others. In English, it is often called English plantain, ribgrass, or narrowleaf plantain.

The name “Plantago” is of Latin origin and refers to the resemblance of the leaves to the sole of the foot, while “lanceolata” refers to the characteristic lanceolate shape of its leaves.

Habitat, distribution and life cycle

Plantago lanceolata prefers humid environments and fertile, shaded, sandy soils., although it also thrives in areas with some compaction and varying levels of humidity. Its global distribution extends from Eurasia (its area of ​​origin) to the Americas, Oceania, South Africa, and virtually the entire globe, having become a cosmopolitan and naturalized species on most continents.

It propagates primarily by seed, although it can occasionally propagate from root fragments. It is a perennial plant, although annual populations exist in some regions. Flowering occurs between spring and autumn, depending on the climate and altitude. It blooms from March or April and bears fruit until late autumn.

Active ingredients and chemical composition

Lesser plantain stands out for its richness in active ingredients with numerous medicinal properties. Among the main compounds present in the aerial part (leaves, stems and flowers) we find:

• Iridoid heterosidesAucubin (0,3–2,5%) and catalpol (mainly present in P. lanceolata) are particularly notable. Their anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and wound-healing properties are well documented. After hydrolysis, aucubin can be transformed into aucubigenin, which has a significant antibacterial effect.
• Mucilages: 6,5% of the plant's total, composed of polysaccharides such as rhamnogalacturonan, arabinogalactan, and glucomannan. They provide emollient and soothing properties, in addition to contributing to the laxative effect of their seeds. More about mucilages and their applications.
• Phenylethanoids: Acteoside (verbascoside), cystanoside F, lavandulifolioside, plantamajoside and isoacteoside, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action.
• Phenolic acids: Among them, caffeic, chlorogenic, protocatechuic, gentisic and syringic acids.
• coumarins: Like esculetin.
• Flavonoids: Apigenin, luteolin and scutellarein, with antioxidant and anti-allergic action.
• Tannins: Astringent action.
• Mineral salts: High content of silicon, zinc, potassium and silicic acid (more than 1%).
• Other components: Mannitol, sorbitol, choline, traces of alkaloids such as noscapine, saponins, essences, resins and steroids.

The seeds Of the Plantago genus, they are also rich in mucilage, oils, aucubin glucoside, sugars, sterols, and proteins, making them useful as mechanical laxatives in herbal medicine. For more details, see Properties and uses of Plantago seeds.

Medicinal properties and pharmacological action

Plantago lanceolata is one of the most appreciated plants in traditional Western and Eastern medicine., supported by modern research that has confirmed some of its ancient uses. The health benefits of its extracts and preparations include:

Internal therapeutic uses

• Anti-inflammatory: Proven effect on both the digestive and respiratory tracts and mucous membranes. It is used in infusions and decoctions to treat colds, bronchitis, asthma, laryngitis, pharyngitis, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and hay fever.
• Antitussive and emollientThe plant's mucilages soothe irritated mucous membranes and reduce the cough reflex, hence its use in syrups or infusions for dry, irritating coughs and chest congestion. It provides a soothing effect on the mouth and throat.
• Antibacterial and antiseptic: Aucubin and its derivative aucubigenin, along with other iridoids, show antimicrobial activity, which reinforces the traditional use against mild infections.
• Astringent and antidiarrheal: Tannins and mucilages help to stop mild diarrhea, and aid in the treatment of gastric ulcers, gastritis and inflammatory digestive conditions.
• Lipid-lowering agentSeveral studies suggest that regular consumption of lesser plantain extracts may help reduce total cholesterol, lipoproteins, and triglycerides.
• Antiallergic and antihistamine: Some flavonoid compounds and phenolic acids calm allergic reactions, especially in rhinitis or hay fever.
• Antispasmodic: : Effect demonstrated especially on uterine and digestive smooth muscle, with possible application in cases of abdominal pain or spasms.
• HepatoprotectivePharmacological studies attribute to aucubin the ability to protect the liver against toxins such as chloroform or alpha-amanitin.
• Mechanical laxativePlantago seeds, due to their richness in mucilage, are widely used as a mild laxative and intestinal regulator.

Uses in external applications

• Emollient and healing:Fresh crushed leaves have traditionally been applied directly to wounds, cuts, sores, burns, abrasions, skin ulcerations, and even insect bites to promote healing, relieving pain, and accelerating tissue regeneration.
• Topical anti-inflammatory: Thanks to its soothing action, it is used in compresses on eczema, dermatological problems, atopic dermatitis, boils, cracks and herpes.
• Antiseptic and hemostatic: Its use on open wounds helps prevent infections, stop minor bleeding and accelerate skin repair.
• Eye drops and compresses: The decoction of the cooled plant is used in compresses for blepharitis, conjunctivitis, eye irritations and to relieve the symptoms of tired eyes.
• Gargles and mouthwashes: Astringent and anti-inflammatory, it is used to treat gum inflammation, stomatitis, gingivitis and mouth ulcers.
• smoking cessation: It has been suggested that lesser plantain may be helpful for those wishing to quit smoking, helping to regenerate lung tissue and soothe irritation caused by smoking.

Traditional indications, forms of use and dosage

Fresh or dried leaves are the main part used, whether in infusions, liquid extracts, syrups, poultices, or macerated in oils or ointments. The seeds also have specific uses. The most common uses are:

• Infusion: For respiratory, digestive and urinary problems.
• Syrup: Indicated for dry cough, throat and bronchial irritation.
• Cooled decoction: For use in eye compresses or mouthwashes.
• Poultices or direct applications: Crushed leaves on wounds, burns, bites or minor skin irritations.
• ointments: Traditionally prepared with olive oil and wax, used since Egyptian times as a skin regenerator and disinfectant.

In food, the young leaves can be eaten fresh in salads or vegetables, providing a nutritional touch, especially in spring and summer.

Studies and scientific evidence

Modern pharmacological research supports many of Plantago lanceolata's traditional uses. Trials and reviews have been cited confirming:

• anti-inflammatory action (Wegener and Kraft, Vienna; Murai et al.; Shipochliev et al.).
• Antispasmodic effect (Ortiz de Urbina, University of Salamanca; activity on uterine and digestive muscles).
• Antimicrobial activity (Ishiguro et al.): Aucubigenin and iridoids exhibit antibacterial and antifungal potency.
• Antioxidant properties: Phenylethanoids protect cells from oxidative stress.
• Hepatoprotective properties (Aktay et al.; Chang IM; Chang LM): Protective action on the liver against toxic agents.
• Studies on toxicity and side effectsGenerally, the natural extract is safe and well tolerated. Administration of pure aucubin can be irritating to the digestive and nervous systems, but these effects are not observed with the whole plant.
• Activity against skin and digestive conditions (Hriscu et al.; Hoffmann et al.)

Pollen from Plantago lanceolata may cause discomfort to allergy sufferers, especially during flowering periods. Caution is recommended for people sensitive to allergens from the Plantaginaceae family.

Contraindications, precautions and interactions

• Hypersensitivity: It should not be used in people who are allergic to any component of the plant.
• Pregnancy and breastfeedingThere are insufficient human studies, although animal experiments have not shown embryotoxic or teratogenic effects at high doses. Its use should be reserved for cases where there are no safer alternatives and under expert supervision.
• drug interactionsMucilages may interfere with the absorption of other orally administered active ingredients. It is recommended to stagger intake of plantain and medications to ensure optimal efficacy.
• efectos secundarios: Very rare with the natural plant. Always consult a specialist if in doubt or after prolonged use.

Plantago lanceolata in the cosmetic and dermatological field

In addition to its use as a medicinal plant, the lesser plantain is a ingredient of increasing application in natural cosmetics and skin and hair care productsIts anti-inflammatory, soothing, healing, and antioxidant properties are used in creams, gels, lotions, and specific products for sensitive, atopic, and eczema-prone skin, as well as for psoriasis and acne.

• Moisturizing and nourishing effect: Mucilages help maintain skin hydration and elasticity, providing softness and protection against environmental dryness.
• Promotion of healing: Stimulates cell regeneration and the growth of new tissue.
• antioxidant protection: Prevents skin aging and combats damage caused by free radicals.
• Scalp balance: Astringent properties help regulate sebum and prevent dandruff and excessive oiliness.

Plantago lanceolata extract is increasingly valued for its safe profile and multiple benefits in beauty and natural skincare routines.

Growing Plantago lanceolata: A Practical Guide

Growing ribwort plantain is easy thanks to its hardiness and adaptability. It's an ideal species for both wild gardens and organic vegetable plots, biodiversity meadows, or as a resource for home herbal medicine.

• Climate and location: It prefers temperate and humid areas, but can tolerate even periods of drought if the soil retains moisture. Suitable for full sun or partial shade.
• Substrate and soil: It thrives in fertile, loose, and well-drained soils with a sandy or sandy-loam texture. It tolerates slightly acidic to neutral soils.
• SiembraIt is recommended to sow in late winter or early spring, scattering the seeds over the soil and covering them lightly. Germination occurs in two to three weeks under consistently moist conditions.
• Irrigation: It requires regular watering when the plant is established, especially in the first few months and during periods of drought. Once established, it tolerates some water stress better.
• Maintenance: It doesn't require any special care. Removing weeds in the early stages facilitates its development. It is resistant to most pests and diseases, although it can be affected by mildew in excessively humid conditions.
• Harvesting and preservationThe leaves are best collected before or during flowering, when the concentration of active ingredients is highest. They should be dried in a shaded, well-ventilated area to preserve their properties. The seeds are harvested when the capsules are ripe and dry.

Ecological importance and uses in agriculture

At an ecological level, Plantago lanceolata plays an important role as a pioneering plant in soil restoration, erosion control and biodiversity in degraded ecosystems or managed grasslands. It is a food source for various species of insects and pollinators. In agriculture, it can be considered an invasive weed in perennial crops such as alfalfa, but it also provides benefits such as living cover and improved soil structure.

Curiosities and popular culture

Lesser plantain has been considered a sacred plant in various cultures across Northern Europe. Its use as a "grandmother's remedy" for nettle and mosquito bites is still maintained in rural areas, where the fresh leaves are still used for immediate relief.

Related article:

Plantago major: Medicinal properties and uses in health and nutrition

Lesser plantain, Plantago lanceolata, is a true botanical gem due to its adaptability, therapeutic value, and cosmetic potential. Incorporating it into daily life, whether as a natural remedy, skincare ingredient, or ornamental crop, allows us to take advantage of centuries of traditional knowledge endorsed by modern science. Its properties benefit health in a natural and sustainable way, reinforcing the importance of medicinal plants in everyday life.