Sandalwood It is widely recognized as one of Asia's most iconic sacred trees, valued for its unmistakable fragrance, spiritual symbolism, and multiple applications in traditional medicine, perfumery, and carpentry. It is a common presence in gardens around the world, both for its beauty and its benefits, but it also requires precise care and special considerations, given its semi-parasitic nature and its legal protection in some countries.
Botanical characteristics and taxonomy of sandalwood (Santalum album)
Sandalwood belongs to the Santalaceae family and its best-known scientific name is Santalum albumIt is an evergreen tree, always green, originating mainly in India, although it has spread to regions of Southeast Asia, Australia, Indonesia, Nepal and other parts of tropical Asia.
- Size: It can reach a height of between 4 and 10 meters, although under ideal conditions and with years of development it can exceed this measurement.
- Sheets: Its leaves are lanceolate or oval, with a firm texture and a shiny surface on the upper side and glaucous on the underside, generally 10-15 cm long.
- Flowers: Discreet, grouped in clusters, they have reddish, purple or whitish tones and usually develop in the axil of the leaves.
- Fruit: It produces dark purple drupe-like fruits, approximately 1,2 cm in diameter, each with a single seed.
- Cortex: In young specimens it is smooth and reddish brown, becoming cracked and darker with age.
One of the most notable characteristics is that sandalwood is a hemiparasitic plant; that is, root parasiteIt develops haustoria on its own roots to capture essential nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium) from other host plants. It doesn't usually seriously damage its hosts, but its optimal growth depends on this relationship, especially in its first years of life. It can associate with up to 300 different plant species.
The life cycle of sandalwood is relatively long, reaching up to 100 years under appropriate conditions, although its commercial exploitation usually occurs after 30 to 40 years, when its wood and oils reach maximum quality and aromatic concentration.
Natural habitat and geographical expansion
Sandalwood is native to the semi-arid areas of the Indian subcontinent, but is cultivated in other Asian countries such as China, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and northern Australia. It typically grows in dry forests, from sea level to 700 meters above sea level, especially in sandy, stony, and well-drained soils. For proper growth, it is recommended to consult our Practical guide to growing the sandalwood tree.
- Climate: It prefers warm, dry climates, tolerates temperatures from 0 to 38 ºC and annual rainfall between 500 and 3000 mm.
- Floors: It grows best in slightly acidic soils, rich in organic matter and well drained, although it can grow in red or sandy soils.
- Current distribution: In addition to Asia, it is also cultivated in various places around the world due to its high economic and cultural value.
How to grow and care for sandalwood
Sandalwood can be grown both in the ground and in pots (especially in less favorable climates). Despite being a semi-parasitic plant, it is possible to enjoy its presence in gardens or indoors, as long as its basic needs and precautions are taken to prevent it from parasitizing ornamental or agricultural plants. For more information, visit our .
Location and light exposure
Requires direct sunlight for most of the day for optimal development, although in areas where the temperature exceeds 38 ºC it may benefit from some semi-shade.
Due to its hemiparasitic nature, it is recommended plant it at least ten meters away of other plant species to which you don't want to be exposed, or place it as an isolated specimen. In a pot, it's a good idea to use a suitable host plant to mimic its natural environment.
Soil and substrate
Sandalwood thrives in soils slightly acidic (pH 6-6,5), rich in organic matter, loose, and with excellent drainage to prevent waterlogging. In calcareous soils, it is prone to iron chlorosis (iron deficiency), so if grown in a pot, it is advisable to use a specific substrate for acid-loving plants. For proper development, we recommend consulting our characteristics that seedlings have.
Irrigation
In its natural habitat it receives between 500 and 3000 mm of rainfall annually. A frequent watering and moderate, adapted to the season:
- In summer: water 4-5 times a week.
- In winter or cool seasons: every 2-3 days.
Avoid waterlogging to prevent fungal diseases.
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Sandalwood responds well to organic subscriber during spring and summer. Products such as or can be used medicinal resins, manure, to provide essential nutrients.
Multiplication
Propagation is done by seeds, which should be sown in a substrate such as vermiculite in spring after soaking for 24 hours. Germination can take between one and eight weeks depending on the freshness of the seed. For detailed procedures, see our .
Rusticity
Sandalwood is a plant tropical and is frost-tolerant. It can be kept outdoors as long as the temperature never drops below 0°C. In cold regions, it's best to move it indoors in winter to a bright, draft-free area.
Prevention of diseases and pests
Sandalwood can be affected by fungi and insect pests if it suffers from excessive moisture or nutritional deficiencies. It is essential to regularly inspect the leaves and roots and respond promptly using organic products or removing affected parts manually.
Properties, benefits and uses of sandalwood
Sandalwood is world famous for its aromatic wood and the essential oil Obtained from the heartwood and roots. Both have been traditionally used in spirituality and in traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine, as well as in perfumery and cosmetics due to their balsamic, woody, and slightly sweet fragrance.
- Perfumery and cosmetics: Sandalwood oil is a common ingredient in perfumes, creams, soaps, shampoos, and aromatherapy products.
- Spirituality and religion: In India, it's considered a sacred tree, used in rituals, smudging, and incense for purification and meditation. The Hindu bindi is traditionally made with sandalwood paste.
- Traditional medicine: The oil has been used as a soothing, antiseptic, astringent, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, nervous system regulator, and natural aphrodisiac. It is used to treat skin problems (eczema, dryness, acne, and fungus), improve skin texture, and promote mental relaxation.
- Carpentry and cabinetmaking: Its fine, even, slow-drying wood was highly valued for carvings, boxes, frames, combs, and even boats in ancient times.
- Prayer and meditation: The seeds are used in the manufacture of malas (prayer beads) in religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism.
Incense and aromatherapy
One of the most widespread uses of sandalwood today is the production of incense and essential oils for aromatherapy. Sandalwood aromatherapy is intended for mental relaxation, mood enhancement, and the pursuit of spiritual purity. Incense is beneficial for opening and purifying the respiratory tract, improving sleep quality, calming anxiety, and regulating heart rate.
Medicinal properties
- Astringent and healing: It promotes the healing of minor wounds, improves skin texture, and is effective in reducing scars and stretch marks.
- Antiseptic and expectorant: It helps clear skin and respiratory tract infections, being useful in cases of flu or colds.
- Calming and relaxing: Topically or by inhalation, it is used to relieve minor pain and headaches, and as a muscle relaxant for aromatherapy, massages, or meditation.
- natural aphrodisiac: Its sweet and exotic aroma stimulates vital energy and sexual desire.
- Hair regenerator: It promotes hair growth and strength through its essential oil.
Cultural and spiritual symbolism
Sandalwood is a symbol of purity, mental clarity, spirituality and relaxationIt frequently appears in literature and music as a metaphor for spiritual and emotional depth. In India, it is sacred, and its exploitation is regulated to prevent overexploitation.
Conservation, sustainability and threats
Due to its high economic and spiritual value, sandalwood has undergone intense overexploitation in its original habitat, which has led to its recognition in India as national property and a protected species. Logging is only permitted when specimens are over 30 years old and have all the necessary permits. Sustainable cultivation and controlled planting are essential to ensure its survival.
- Only certified seeds should be purchased and sandalwood products with legal traceability and phytosanitary certification.
- Several countries have implemented reforestation and protection programs for this species to prevent its extinction and promote its sustainable use.
Contraindications and precautions in the use of sandalwood
While sandalwood essential oil and its derivatives are considered safe in typical doses and applications, there are certain contraindications and precautions:
- Pregnancy and lactation: Avoid using sandalwood, as it can stimulate the uterus and its complete safety for the infant is not known.
- Kidney diseases: Use in moderation and under medical supervision.
- Allergies: Some people may experience skin reactions such as redness or itching. If symptoms appear, discontinue use and consult a professional.
- Not recommended for children under six years of age nor in people with respiratory allergies or identified hypersensitivity to sandalwood.
If you have any questions about its therapeutic use, always consult a healthcare professional before using sandalwood essential oils.
