What is organic fertilization and what does it consist of?
Organic fertilization It is an agricultural and gardening practice aimed at nourish the plants Using only natural ingredients. It is based on the use of materials from both the plant and animal world, as well as the use of non-chemically processed minerals. This includes compost, manure-derived fertilizers, bone meal, guano, and marine life materials such as fish, crab, or shrimp mealThe key is that these inputs provide nutrients of naturally, sustainably and without the presence of synthetic chemicals, improving soil quality in the long term.
Most of these products are obtained through biological processes where Microorganisms transform organic materials in plant-available nutrients. They also promote microbial activity and diversity in the soil, which is essential for maintaining soil fertility and structure.
Advantages of organic fertilization for plants
- Conservation and improvement of soil microbiology: Organic fertilizers enhance microbial life, which contributes to soil structure, aeration, and water retention. This creates fertile soil capable of sustaining crops for longer.
- Progressive release of nutrients: Unlike chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers release nutrients slowly and steadily, ensuring a long-term supply for the plant without the risk of overfertilization.
- Increase in organic matter: In addition to nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), they provide organic material, improving moisture retention and carbon fixation capacity in the soil.
- Superior taste, aroma and quality: Organically fertilized crops develop flavors y aromas more intense and natural, highly valued in organic farming.
- No chemical contamination: They do not generate waste toxic, reduce soil and water pollution, and are environmentally sustainable.
- Recycling and circular economy: Animal and plant by-products are utilized, reducing waste and closing production cycles.
Why choose organic fertilizers over chemical ones?
The use of synthetic products It can produce rapid crop fertilization, but it leads to progressive dependence and long-term deterioration of natural soil fertility. Organic fertilizers, on the other hand, promote healthy soils, reduce runoff, and reduce environmental damage, making agriculture and gardening more sustainable.
It is essential to plan organic fertilization preventively. It is recommended to enrich the soil before planting and apply the appropriate doses every 15 to 30 days to prevent deficiency problems. This type of fertilization is incompatible with the use of chlorinated water, so it is advisable to use chlorine-free water whenever possible and add a layer of mulch to reinforce the soil. soil protection.
Disadvantages and precautions of organic fertilizers
- Slow release: Nutrients are released at the rate of decomposition, which can be insufficient in response to urgent plant needs.
- Variable nutrient content: Its composition depends on the base material and can vary between batches; it's advisable to analyze the soil and compost to balance the amounts.
- Presence of pathogens: If not composted or treated properly, some inputs can spread pathogens or weed seeds.
- Requires knowledge and planning: Effective fertilization requires knowing the type of soil, crop, nutrient requirements, and the rate of decomposition of each input.
Types of organic fertilizers and main examples
- Compost: Product obtained from the aerobic decomposition of organic plant and, occasionally, animal remains. It is rich in nutrients and improves soil structure and water retention.
- Compost tea: Liquid compost extract with beneficial microorganisms, ideal for applying post-planting and during vegetative growth.
- Earthworm humus: A high-quality fertilizer produced by worms, especially Californian worms. It provides nutrients and improves soil structure and microbial life.
- Liquid bioferments: Fermented solutions of plant remains and molasses, enriched with minerals and active microorganisms.
- Fermented solid fertilizers: Inputs subjected to aerobic fermentation to obtain stable and pathogen-free products.
- Wood ashes: Source of potassium and phosphorus that can be used diluted in water.
- Animal manure: They come from cows, horses, sheep, chickens, among others. They must be well composted to prevent pathogens and provide essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
- Bird and bat guano: Of great nutritional value and widely used in demanding crops.
- Organic household waste: Banana, potato, egg, or coffee bean peels, when properly treated, offer a sustainable and economical alternative.
Organic fertilization according to the needs of the crop and soil
The choice of the right type of organic fertilizer depends on several factors:
- Floor type: In poor soils, a more intensive base dressing is recommended; in rich soils, regular maintenance is sufficient.
- Type of crop: Requirements vary among leafy, root, fruiting, and flowering plants. For example, flowering crops typically require fertilizers rich in potassium, while leafy crops require more nitrogen.
- Application frequency: It is recommended to provide organic matter in several small doses or a larger application before each sowing.
Commercial and home-produced organic fertilizers
Currently, there are commercial formulations Organic fertilizers in liquid, powder, or pellet form, ideal for different crop stages. These include:
- Solid and tea-based worm humus: Facilitates application and guarantees quality.
- Bone, fish and blood meals: They provide special nutrients for key stages such as sprouting, growth or flowering.
- Organic pellets or granules: Easy to distribute by machine or hand, suitable for large areas.
Optimal level and maintenance of organic matter in the soil
La organic matter in the soil Not only does it provide nutrients, but it is also key for structure, aeration, and water retention. It is recommended maintain organic matter levels between 1,5% and 3% according to soil analysis. Natural losses require periodic replenishment of the soil through fertilizer applications and proper management (Reduced tillage, mulching, crop rotation, and ground cover planting).
Adopting organic fertilizers represents a clear commitment to healthy, resilient, and environmentally friendly agriculture and gardening. This practice not only improves the quality and flavor of crops but also optimizes soil structure and biodiversity. The varied and planned use of these fertilizers meets the needs of all types of plants, increasing productivity and ensuring the natural balance necessary for a more sustainable future.
