Mangosteen Cultivation
El mangosteen (garcinia mangostana) is considered one of the most exotic and prized crops of the tropics, known as the "caviar of fruits" (Palma et al., 1972). In this article, we will explore in depth the cultivation of mangosteen, ranging from its origin, taxonomy and morphology, to the soil and climate requirements, crop management, pests and diseases, nutritional value, and uses of this exquisite fruit.
Origin of the Mangosteen
El mangosteen It does not have an exact known geographical origin, but it is believed to have originated in the Sunda Islands and Moluccas of IndonesiaOver the centuries, this fruit has been distributed mainly in Southeast Asia and Southwest India, and has found its way into other tropical areas of South AmericaIncluding Colombia, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, Honduras y Florida.
Even in tropical fruit trees, the mangosteen occupies a prominent place for its flavor and unique properties.
Taxonomy and Morphology of the Mangosteen
Mangosteen belongs to the family Clusiaceae and is taxonomically classified as follows:
- Kingdom: Plant
- Division: Angiosperm
- Family: clusiaceae
- Gender: Garcinia
The mangosteen is a slow-growing evergreen tree, which can reach heights of between 10 and 25 metersIt has abundant foliage and a pyramidal-shaped crown. Its leaves are large, opposite, elliptical, and dark green. The trunk is straight and thick, with dark brown bark that produces a dense, yellowish latex. The flowers can be male or hermaphrodite, and the fruits are globose or ovoid, with a thick rind that turns from yellow to purple when ripe.
Edaphoclimatic Requirements of Mangosteen
For optimal growth, the mangosteen requires a warm and humid climate, free of frost.
Temperature
The optimum temperature range for mangosteen is 24 to 26 ° C. Temperatures below 20 ° C can delay their development, while it is intolerant to temperatures lower than 4 ° C and higher than 38 ° C.
Land
Mangosteen grows best in soils well drained, rich in organic material. It prefers a slightly acidic pH, between 5 and 6.5Sandy soils are not suitable, as they usually have low fertility y Water retention.
Precipitation
This crop requires a annual precipitation from among 1,600 and 2,000 mm.
RH
Mangosteen needs a high ambient humidity, ideally from the 80%, to prevent dehydration of the fruits.
Mangosteen Plant Material
There are approximately 200 species of the genre Garcinia, But garcinia mangostana It is the most economically important. This mangosteen has been developed through crosses between species such as G. hombroniana y G. malaccensis.
Mangosteen Crop Management
Propagation Methods
The most common methods for propagating mangosteen are by seed and grafting. Seeds must be sown immediately to maintain viability and soaked in water to improve germination. However, this method results in slow growth and genetic variability. propagation by grafting, particularly through approach grafting, is more effective in obtaining uniform trees.
Soil Preparation
Soil preparation includes weed removal, The incorporation of organic material, and the assurance of a good drainageIt is essential that the crop is adequately exposed to the sun, needing at least 5 hours of daily sunlight.
Plantation
The suggested planting frame is 8 x 8 o 10 10 x m, with holes of 50 cc for seedlings. It is advisable to add organic material as a cover to retain moisture.
Pruning
Pruning is done to improve the structure and ventilation of the tree. During the first three years, it should be limited to branch removal affected by pests. After that, they can be carried out training pruning y maintenance.
Fertilization
Mangosteen is not demanding in fertilization; however, a good supply of organic material at the beginning. It is suggested to apply NPK fertilizers and micronutrients at strategic times of the year.
Pests, Diseases and Physiological Disorders
Pests affecting the crop are limited and include Caterpillars, trips, Mites y mealybugs. As for diseases, the following stand out:
- Pellicularia koleroga: Affects leaves and fruits, spreads in humid conditions.
- Cancer of the trunk (Zignoella garcineae): Causes galls that damage sap circulation.
Amongst the physiological disorders The most common are translucent pulp, which can be caused by water stress o nutritional deficiency.
Nutritional Value of Mangosteen
Mangosteen is rich in water, Vitamins y minerals, highlighting its content of Vitamin CIt also contains bioactive compounds, particularly xanthones, which show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties and potential anticancer effects.
Mangosteen Uses
The fruit is consumed fresh, but it is also made into products such as jams y jellies. It is also used in the production of natural dyes and in leather tanning.
Tips for Efficient Mangosteen Cultivation
- Climate Monitoring: Monitor weather conditions and adjust irrigation as needed.
- Plague control Implement preventive measures, such as crop rotation and the use of physical barriers.
- Storage: To prolong the shelf life of mangosteens, keep them in a cool, dry environment.
The cultivation of mangosteen It not only offers the possibility of obtaining a delicious and sought-after fruit, but also multiple nutritional benefits y medicinalWith proper crop management and care, this plant can become a sustainable source of income for farmers. Ensuring proper care promotes not only the health of the tree but also the quality of the product that reaches the consumer.
