What is Linum usitatissimum?
Linum usitatissimum, commonly known as pipeline o linseed, is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Linaceae family. Since ancient times, it has been widely valued for its multiple uses, both in the production of textiles and in the production of seeds rich in oil and medicinal properties. Its origin dates back to the ancient civilizations located in the region of the Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris rivers, having spread over time to various temperate zones of the planet due to its enormous usefulness.
Botanical characteristics of Linum usitatissimum
linen is a annual plant which usually reaches up to 80 cm in height, standing out for its thin, hollow, erect stems that are sparsely branched in the upper half. Its leaves are alternate, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, glabrous and generally three-veined. The inflorescence is presented in loose panicles, made up of flowers with five obovate petals, an intense sky blue, although there are varieties with white or pink petals. The fruits are globose, pointed capsules with thin walls, inside which are the seeds of linseed brown or golden in color, which constitute the main resource of the plant.
Taxonomy and synonymy
- Kingdom: Plant
- Division: Magnoliophyta
- Class: Magnoliopside
- Order: Malpighials
- Family: linaceae
- Gender: Linum
- Species: Linum usitatissimum
Some accepted botanical synonyms are Linum crepitans, Linum humile, Linum indehiscens, and various varieties and subspecies such as Linum usitatissimum var. crepitans o Linum usitatissimum var. humile.
History and cultivation of flax
Flax is one of the first plants domesticated by humans, with evidence of its use dating back millennia in both Egypt and Mesopotamia. Initially, it was used to obtain strong, flexible fibers for textiles; over time, its seed gained importance for its nutritional and medicinal properties.
At present, Flax is grown in many countries and climates, including temperate and cold zones of Europe, America, Asia, and Africa. Among the main producers are Canada, Russia, China, France, and India. Although the plant shows good adaptation, it usually prefers clayey-siliceous soils, deep and permeable, avoiding excessively wet or dry soils.
A topsoil layer at least 50 cm deep, along with good soil structure and fertility, is essential for optimal growth. Crop rotation is recommended to prevent the accumulation of toxins secreted by the roots and the emergence of specific pests or diseases. The growing cycle typically begins with sowing in spring in cold-climate regions, or in late autumn in warmer climates. Harvesting varies according to the objective: for quality fiber, it is harvested at full bloom, while for seed harvest, the fruit is harvested until it is fully ripe.
Types or varieties of flax
- Cold or large linen: A tall, long-cycle plant with a thin stem and very fine fibers, especially appreciated in the textile industry for making delicate fabrics and lace.
- Warm linen: lower and branched, with abundant production of capsules and seeds, although the fiber is shorter and coarser.
- Medium linen: It combines intermediate characteristics, being common in most mixed crops.
Nutritional properties and composition of flaxseed
The seeds of Linum usitatissimum They have an exceptional nutritional profile. Their most important components include:
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids: They contain around 30-45% oil, mostly alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3), linoleic acid (omega 6), and oleic acid (omega 9). This composition is especially beneficial for cardiovascular health.
- Lignans: potent phytoestrogens (e.g., secoisolariciresinol diglucoside) that provide antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer effects. Learn more at the properties of chicken manure.
- Mucilages: soluble polysaccharides (around 10-15%) that promote digestive function due to their ability to form gels that protect the mucosa and regulate intestinal transit. You can find more information at mucilage.
- Insoluble dietary fiber: a fraction that can account for up to 25% of its weight, facilitating colon motility.
- Vegetable proteins: approximately 18-20%.
- Vitamins: especially from group B (B1, B2, B3, B6), vitamin E, K and C.
- Minerals: calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese, selenium, copper, potassium, iodine, silicon and chromium.
- Cyanogenic heterosides: in low proportions, responsible for certain precautions in the consumption of raw seeds.
Per 100 grams of flax seeds, the approximate nutritional value is:
- Energy: 530-630 kcal
- Fats: 42 g
- Fiber: 27-28 g
- Proteins: 18 g
- Carbohydrates: 28-29 g
- Calcium: 250-260 mg
- Magnesium: 390 mg
- Phosphorus: 640 mg
- Iron: 5-6 mg
- Zinc: 4-4,3 mg
- Lutein and Zeaxanthin: 650 mcg
Health benefits and properties of Linum usitatissimum
Regular consumption of flaxseed can provide a number of health benefits, supported by scientific research and international organizations.
- Action against constipation: The mucilages and insoluble fiber act as mild laxatives, promoting intestinal transit and retraining motility in cases of chronic constipation. The seeds are suitable for irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulosis, and slow bowel movements.
- Improved cardiovascular health: The high content of omega-3 fatty acids and lignans helps reduce total cholesterol and LDL ("bad" cholesterol) levels, in addition to having a protective effect on arterial health, helping to control blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis.
- Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect: Phenolic compounds and unsaturated fats inhibit inflammation and cell damage, making them useful as adjuvants in inflammatory processes such as arthritis, osteoarthritis, and autoimmune diseases.
- Glucose regulation and diabetes support: Soluble fiber helps reduce carbohydrate absorption, which helps stabilize blood sugar and prevent blood sugar spikes. Several studies have shown improvements in the glycemic profile of people with type 2 diabetes.
- Potential anticancer action: The lignans present in flaxseed are capable of modulating estrogenic activity, showing protective effects in the prevention of breast, colon, and uterine cancer. Although this is an area of ​​research, flaxseed consumption is associated with a lower incidence of certain types of cancer.
- Digestive Health Support: Mucilages, by forming a protective layer on the mucosa, relieve heartburn, gastritis and gastrointestinal discomfort, contributing to the restoration and protection of the walls of the stomach and intestine.
- Improvement of skin and hair condition: Linseed oil and its extracts are used topically for their moisturizing, soothing, and repairing effects on conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, burns, and alopecia, and to add shine and volume to hair.
- Weight control support: The high fiber and mucilage content creates a feeling of satiety, helping to regulate appetite and promoting calorie reduction in weight-loss diets, always as part of a balanced plan.
- Strengthening the nervous system: The nutrient profile and anti-inflammatory action help reduce tension and stress, with positive effects on nervous well-being and memory.
- Relief from menopausal symptoms: Lignans (phytoestrogens) collaborate in hormonal regulation, helping to mitigate hot flashes, discomfort and other symptoms associated with menopause and endometriosis.
Traditional uses and modern applications of flax and linseed
El Linum usitatissimum It has proven invaluable both in ancient times and today, with applications ranging from food to the textile industry, pharmacy and cosmetics.
- Feeding: The seeds can be used whole, ground, or in the form of flour, added to yogurts, breads, soups, salads, or as a base for plant-based drinks. Linseed oil is used in dressings, although it must be properly protected to prevent oxidation.
- Textile industry: The flax stalk produces strong, fine fibers used in the manufacture of high-quality fabrics, yarns, and textile products, such as sheets, clothing, linen, and lace. Tow is one of the most valuable products derived from the stalk.
- Natural medicine and phytotherapy: As a mild laxative, gastrointestinal protector, anti-inflammatory, and skin emollient; also in the form of infusions, poultices, and topical applications to treat specific conditions. Learn more at thistles.
- Cosmetics: Linseed oil is used in moisturizers, products for damaged hair, shampoos, masks, anti-dandruff products, and to regenerate dry, rough, or damaged hair.
- Vegetable drinks and supplements: Flaxseed is one of the basic ingredients for making plant-based drinks, both homemade and industrial, with low calorie content, gluten and lactose free, and suitable for people with intolerances or vegetarian diets.
- Chemical industry: Linseed oil has applications in varnishes, ecological paints and as a component in biodegradable materials.
How to take flaxseed: consumption methods and recommendations
The nutritional and therapeutic usefulness of flax seeds varies depending on the way they are consumed:
- Whole seed: It needs to be soaked overnight to release the mucilage, which is ideal for cases of constipation. If consumed unground, many of the nutrients can pass through the digestive system unabsorbed.
- Ground seed: By breaking the shell, the bioavailability of fatty acids, lignans and micronutrients is improved.
- Linseed oil: A concentrated source of omega-3 fats, it should be consumed cold to prevent oxidation. It is recommended to store the oil in opaque, refrigerated containers and use it soon after opening.
- Flaxseed infusion or tea: Adding seeds to hot water and letting it steep creates a drink rich in mucilage and soluble fiber, useful for soothing sore throats and digestive problems. You can see different recipes at .
- Poultices and topical applications: Flaxseed flour or crushed seeds, mixed with hot water, can be used as a poultice on the skin to relieve inflammation, eczema, abscesses or burns.
Standard dosage: For adults and children over 12 years of age, the usual dose is between 5 and 15 grams of seeds per day, soaked in water and accompanied by plenty of liquid. For young children, half that amount is recommended. For topical use, 50 grams of flour mixed with hot water is recommended for application in compresses.
Precautions, contraindications and side effects
Despite its safety and wide use, flax consumption has some side effects. relevant precautions:
- Do not consume raw or immature seeds, as they may contain toxic compounds.
- Not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to the possible estrogenic action and passage of active compounds into breast milk.
- Contraindicated in cases of Abdominal pain of unknown origin, intestinal obstruction, or concomitant use of medications whose absorption may be affected (antidiabetics, insulin, antidiarrheals, certain antibiotics and anticoagulants).
- Excessive consumption without sufficient hydration can cause bloating, gas, or even intestinal obstruction.
- Flaxseed oil may affect blood clotting; it should be avoided by people taking anticoagulants or preparing for surgery.
- In diabetics, flaxseed may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of the medication.
- Some people may experience allergic reactions, so it is advisable to start with small amounts.
Flax in cosmetics and personal care
Linseed oil (Linum Usitatissimum Seed Oil), applied to the skin or hair, is highly valued in cosmetics for its moisturizing, emollient and antioxidant propertiesIt is especially useful for regenerating damaged, brittle, or frequently damaged hair (sun exposure, salt water, chlorine, dyes, flat irons, hairdryers). It forms a protective film, restores flexibility and volume, and combats frizz and dryness.
On the skin, it helps maintain hydration and elasticity and combats skin aging, thanks to its linoleic acid and vitamin E content. Flaxseed extract is used in creams and lotions to treat irritated, sensitive, or inflammatory skin, inhibiting the formation of pro-inflammatory molecules.
Recipes and practical ways to use flax
- Homemade Flaxseed Drink: Soak 50g of seeds overnight, wash, and blend with 2 liters of water. Strain and sweeten to taste. The result is a light, lactose- and gluten-free plant-based drink.
- Flaxseed tea: Pour boiling water over a tablespoon of seeds, let it steep for 10 minutes, strain, and drink 3 to 4 cups a day to stimulate bowel movements and reduce inflammation. You can learn more at mulberry.
- Adding Flaxseed to Recipes: The ground seed can be added to yogurts, smoothies, breads, cookies, soups, or salads. A tablespoon a day is enough to notice the effects.
- Use of flour: Flaxseed flour or its mucilage can be used to naturally thicken soups and stews.
- Skin poultices: Mix flaxseed meal with hot water until a paste forms, then apply to the affected area to soften and moisturize the skin.
Main producers and cultivation worldwide
Linum usitatissimum It is cultivated on a large scale in multiple countries. The main producers are found in Canada, Russia, China, India, France, Ukraine, the United States, Ethiopia, and the United Kingdom. Flax for high-quality fiber usually comes from temperate, humid climates near the coast, while seed flax is also produced in areas with a continental climate. The yield and quality of the final product depend on the variety cultivated, the soil type, the water regime, and agronomic management.
Frequently asked questions about flax and linseed
- Brown or golden flaxseed? Nutritionally, they are similar, although golden flaxseed tends to have a more intense flavor. Both can be alternated in the diet.
- Is it better to consume it whole or ground? To fully utilize its nutrients, ground seed is recommended, except in specific cases where mucilage is used.
- How much is recommended? One to two tablespoons a day is adequate for most adults, as long as they are accompanied by sufficient water.
- Can it be used during pregnancy? In general, the use of flaxseed during pregnancy and lactation is not recommended without clinical supervision.
- Does it present drug interactions? Yes, with anticoagulants, antidiabetics, antihypertensives, and certain medications whose absorption time may be affected by the mucilaginization of flaxseed.
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) Flax is one of the most versatile and valuable plants, both historically and today. Its value lies not only in its rich fiber and oil content, but also in its broad benefits for health, beauty, and well-being. Properly incorporating it into the diet and using it responsibly in personal care allows us to fully utilize all its properties. It is essential to consult a specialist before beginning regular consumption in cases of medical conditions, during pregnancy, breastfeeding, or while taking medication. Flax's potential continues to grow as science discovers new uses and applications for this ancient but ever-present plant.
